Formation of Nanocarbon Spheres by Thermal Treatment of Woody Char from Fast Pyrolysis Process
Keywords:
Pine char, thermal, nanocarbon structuresAbstract
Influences of thermal treatment conditions of temperature, reaction cycle and time, and purge gas type on nanocarbon formation over bio-chars from fast pyrolysis and effects of thermal reaction cycle and purge gas type on bio-char surface functional groups were investigated by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed reduction methods. Nanospheres occurred on bio-chars under the activation temperature of 700°C; more nanospheres occurred when temperature increased to 900°C. Further increase of temperature to 1100°C yielded bio-char surfaces covered with a layer of nanospheres between 20 and 50 nm. More carbon nanospheres formed by increasing thermal cycles and reaction time. Scanning electron microscope images of char surfaces showed there were fewer or no nanoparticles produced using H2 as the purge gas and they were porous. TPD results indicated that H2, H2O, CH4, CO, and CO2 in gas phases evolved from chars heated to 1000°C during the first heating cycle. H2 and CH4 peaked at 750 and 615°C, respectively. Both H2O and CO had two peaks, and CO2 had a broad peak. Only trace amounts of H2 and CO were detected in the second cycle. There was no detection for CH4, H2O, and CO2 after the second cycle.References
Azargohar R, Dalai AK (2006) Biochar as a precursor of activated carbon. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 131(1-3):762-773.nBalaban A, Klein D, Liu X (1994) Graphitic cones. Carbon 32(2):357-359.nDalai AK, Azargohar R (2007) Production of activated carbon from biochar using chemical and physical activation: Mechanism and modeling. ACS Sym Ser 954, Materials, Chemicals, and Energy from Forest Biomass, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. pp. 463-476.nDasgupta K, Joshi JB, Banerjee S (2011) Fluidized bed synthesis of carbon nanotubes-A review. Chem Eng J 171(3):841-869.nDemirbas A, Arslan G, Pehlivan E (2006) Recent studies on activated carbons and fly ashes from Turkish resources. Energ Source, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 28(7):627-638.nFigueiredo JL, Pereira MFR, Freitas MMA, Orfao JJM (1999) Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons. Carbon 37(9):1379-1389.nGeim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6(3):183-191.nHüttinger KJ, Michenfelder AW (1987) Molecular structure of a brown coal. Fuel 66:1164-1170.nHwang KC (2010) Recent progress in the preparation and application of carbon nanocapsules. J Phys D Appl Phys 43(37):1-13.nIngram L, Mohan D, Bricka M, Steele P, Strobel D, Crocker D, Mitchell B, Mohammad J, Cantrell K, Pittman CU Jr. (2008) Pyrolysis of wood and bark in an auger reactor: Physical properties and chemical analysis of the produced bio-oils. Energy Fuels 22:614-625.nLi Q, Yan H, Zhang J, Liu Z (2004) Effect of hydrocarbons precursors on the formation of carbon nanotubes in chemical vapor deposition. Carbon 42:829-835.nLlobet E (2013) Gas sensors using carbon nanomaterials: A review. Sens Actuators B Chem 179:32-45.nLubineau G, Rahaman A (2012) A review of strategies for improving the degradation properties of laminated continuous-fiber/epoxy composites with carbon-based nanoreinforcements. Carbon 50(7):2377-2395.nMezohegyi G, van der Zee FP, Font J, Fortuny A, Fabregat A (2012) Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: A short review on the versatile role of activated carbon. J Environ Manage 102(15):148-164.nMiao JY, Hwang DW, Narasimhulu KV, Lin PI, Chen YT, Lin SH, Hwang LP (2004) Synthesis and properties of carbon nanospheres grown by CVD using Kaolin supported transition metal catalysts. Carbon 42:813-822.nMohan D, Pittman CU, Steele PH (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: A critical review. Energy Fuels 20(3):848-889.nMorgan P (2005) Carbon fibers and their composites. ISBN-13: 9780824709839. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1200 pp.nÖzçimen D, Ersoy-Meriçboyu A (2008) A study on the carbonization of grape seed and chestnut shell. Fuel Process Technol 89(11):1041-1046.nPierson HO (2006) Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes—Properties, processing and applications. William Andrew Publishing/Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ.nQureshi A, Kang WP, Davidson JL, Gurbuz Y (2009) Review on carbon-derived, solid-state, micro and nano sensors for electrochemical sensing applications. Diamond Related Materials 18(12):1401-1420.nSatya Sai PM, Ahmed J (1997) Production of activated carbon from coconut shell char in a fluidized bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 36(9):3625-3630.nSerp P, Figueiredo JL (2008) Carbon materials for catalysis. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. 579 pp.nShahin MM (1965) Reaction of elementary carbon and hydrogen in high-frequency discharge. Nature 195:992-993.nWang Q, Li H, Chen LQ, Huang XJ (2001) Monodispersed hard carbon spherules with uniform nanopores. Carbon 39:2211-2215.nYan Q, Wan C, Liu J, Gao J, Yu F, Zhang J, Cai Z (2013) Iron nanoparticles in situ encapsulated in biochar-based carbon as an effective catalyst for the conversion of biomass-derived syngas to liquid hydrocarbons. Green Chem 15:1631-1640.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
