Intra- and Interclonal Variation in Anatomical Properties of <i>Hevea Brasiliensis</i> Muell. Arg.
Keywords:
Wood cell variation, planting density, clonal effect, rubberwoodAbstract
The wood anatomical properties of two new rubberwood clones (RRIM 2020 [I] and RRIM 2025 [II]) at four planting densities (PDs) (500 [I], 1000 [II], 1500 [III], and 2000 [IV] trees/ha) were assessed. Fiber morphology, vessel features, and ray cell anatomy were measured. At PD I and PD II, fiber features were the highest quality. For vessel features, the highest quality was at PD I and PD IV. The moderate densities did not show substantial variation. Ray density from clone I demonstrated a direct relationship with PD because the highest value was at PD IV. Ray height showed a descending trend with increasing PD with significant differences in PD I and PD II vs PD III and PD IV in clone I. PD I showed the highest values with no significant difference compared with the others. PD in both clones did not significantly influence ray area. Some anatomical features of fiber, vessel, and ray were successfully quantified using a regression approach. The results predicted PD I as optimum for high wood quality production. Among the treatments, PD I of clone II resulted in the best quality anatomical properties.References
Alfred BR (2007) Structure of stressed and non-stressed wood of Acacia hybrid and its relation to physical properties. PhD thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 227 pp.nAloni R (1991) Wood formation in deciduous hardwood trees. Pages 175-197. In: Physiology of Trees. AS Raghavendra (ed), John Wiley & Sons, New York.nAloni R (2007) Phytohormonal mechanisms that control wood quality formation in young and mature trees. The Compromised Wood Workshop, The Wood Technology Research Centre, Christchurch, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.nAshaari MA (1986) The fiber length of two clones of rubberwood. Malaysian Forester 49(1):48-55.nBhat KM, Bhat KV, Damodaran TK (1984) Some woods and bark properties of Hevea brasiliensis. Journal of Tree Science 182:40-46.nBhat KM, Bhat KV, Dhamodaram TK (1989) Fibre length variation in stem and branches of eleven tropical hardwoods. IAWA Bull 10:63-70.nCarvalho A (1962) Madeira de eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), estudos, ensaios e observações. Dir. Geral Serviços Florestais Aquícolas, Lisboa., Portugal (in Portuguese).nChaffey N (2002) Why is there so little research into the cell biology of the secondary vascular system of trees? New Phytol 153:213-223.nClark A, Jordan L, Schimleck L, Daniels RF (2008) Effect of initial planting spacing on wood properties of unthinned loblolly pine at age 21. Forest Prod J 58 (10):78-83.nField A (2005) Discovering statistics using SPSS. SAGE Publications, London, UK. 816 pp.nGithiomi JK, Kariuki JG (2010) Wood Basic Density of Eucalyptus Grandis from Plantations in Central Rift Valley, Kenya: Variation with age, height level and between sapwood and heartwood. J Trop For Sci 22(3):281-286.nHaygreen JG, Bowyer JL (1996) Forest products and wood science. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 484 pp.nHudson I, Wilson L, Van Beveren K (1997) Vessel distribution at two percentage heights from pith to bark in a seven year old Eucalyptus globulus tree. Appita J 50:495-500.nHudson I, Wilson L, Van Beveren K (1998) Vessel and fiber property variation in Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens: some preliminary results. IAWA J 19:111-130.nJiang ZH, Wang XQ, Fei BH, Ren HQ, Liu XE (2007) Effect of stand and tree attributes on growth and wood quality characteristics from a spacing trial with Populus xiaohei. Ann For Sci 64:807-814.nKang W, Lee NH (2004) Relationship between radial variations in shrinkage and drying defects of tree disks. J Wood Sci (50):209-216.nLarson PR (1994) The vascular cambium: Development and structure. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 740 pp.nLeal S, Pereira H, Grabner M, Wimmer R (2003) Clonal and site variation of vessels in 7-year-old eucalyptus globulus. IAWA J 24(2):185-195.nLev-Yadun S, Aloni R (1995) Differentiation of the ray system in woody plants. Bot Rev 61(1):46-84.nLim SC and Fujiwara T (1997) Wood density variation in two clones of rubber trees planted at three different spacings. Journal of Tropical Forest Products 3(2):151-157.nMalan FS (1993) The wood properties and qualities of three South African-grown eucalypt hybrids. South African Forestry J 167(1):35-44.nMohd Izham BY (2001) Quality assessment of two timbre latex clones of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). MS thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 115 pp.nNorhayati N (1995) Anatomical properties of rubberwood from three clones and two age groups. Final year project, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 52 pp.nNorul Izani MA, Sahri MH (2008) Wood and cellular properties of four new Hevea species. In: FORTROP II. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.nOgata Y, Nobuchi T, Fujita M, Sahri MH (2001) Growth rings and tree growth in young para rubber trees from Peninsular Malaysia. IAWA J 22(1):43-56.nPanshin AJ, de Zeeuw CH (1980) Textbook of wood technology. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 722 pp.nPeel JD, Peh TB (1961) Para rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.) for pulp and paper manufacturer: An account of laboratory experiments. Research pamphlet. Forestry Department, Federation of Malaya. Report No. 55288. 11 pp.nPhelps JE, Isebrands JG, Jowett D (1982) Raw material quality of short-rotation, intensively cultured populus clones: A comparison of stem and branch properties at three spacings. IAWA Bull 3(3-4):193-200.nRahman MM, Fujiwara S, Kanagawa Y (2005) Variations in volume and dimensions of rays and their effect on wood properties of teak. Wood Fiber Sci 37(3):497-504.nRao RV, Shashikala S, Sreevani P (2003) Variation in basic density and anatomical properties of Eucalyptus tereticornis clones. Journal of Tropical Forest Products 9(1-2):59-67.nReghu CP, Premakumari D, Panikkar AON (1989) Wood anatomy of Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.; Distribution pattern of tension wood and dimensional variation of wood fibres. Indian J Natural Rubber 2:27-37.nRodrigo VHL, Silva TUK, Munasinghe ES (2004) Improving the spatial arrangement of planting rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) for long-term intercropping. Field Crops Res 89:327-335.nRoslan M (1998) Juvenility in rubberwood and its relation with the physical and mechanical properties. MS thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 144 pp.nRubber Research Institute of Malaysia (2009) Annual weather report of Tok dor Mini Station. RRIMINIS. Tok dor, Terengganu, Malaysia.nSagaya SA (1996) Anatomical properties on 10 year-old rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) from five different clones. Final year Project, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 75 pp.nSass U, Eckstein D (1995) The variability of vessel size in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and its ecophysiological interpretation. Trees-Struct Funct 9:247-252.nSekhar AC (1989) Rubberwood production and utilization. Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, India. Pages 99-110.nSuhaimi M, Sahri MH (2003) Variation in fiber properties of rubberwood from different clones and age groups. Journal of Tropical Forest Products 9(1-2):162-165.nSyeed Saifulazry OA (2007) Evaluation of properties of 4 year-old rubberwood clones RRIM 2000 series for particle-board manufacture. MS thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. 125 pp.nTaylor FW (1969) The effect of ray tissue on the specific gravity of wood. Wood Fiber Sci 1(2):142-145.nTeoh YP, Don MM, Ujang S (2011) Assessment of properties, utilization, and preservation of rubberwood (H. brasiliensis): A case study in Malaysia. J Wood Sci 57(4):255-266.nTsuchiya R, Furukawa I (2010) Relationship between the radial variation of ray characteristics and the stages of radial stem increment in Zelkova serrata. J Wood Sci 56:495-501.nTuberman L (2007) Rubber wood—Plantation grown wood. http://www.ezinearticle.com./?Rubber-wood—Plantation-Grown-wood&id=1560017'>www.ezinearticle.com./?Rubber-wood—Plantation-Grown-wood&id=1560017nUetimane EJ, Ali A (2011) Relationship between mechanical properties and selected anatomical features of Ntholo (Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia). Journal of Tropical Forest Products 23(2):166-176.nWalker JCF (2006) Primary wood processing; Principles and practice. Springer. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 596 pp.nWest PW (2006) Growing plantation forests. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 304 pp.nWimmer R (2002) Wood anatomical features in tree-rings as indicators of environmental change. Dendrochronologia 20(1-2):21-36.nZhang SY, Chauret G, Ren HQ, Desjardins R (2002) Impact of initial spacing on plantation black spruce lumber grade yield, bending properties, and MSR yield. Wood Fiber Sci 34(3):460-475.nZobel BJ, Van Buijtenen JP (1989) Wood variation: Its causes and control. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 362 pp.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
