Analysis of Adhesive Penetration into Wood using Nano-X-ray Computed Tomography
Keywords:
nano-X-ray computed tomography, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, adhesive, cell wall penetrationAbstract
This study focused on the penetration of adhesive into cell lumens and cell walls. Douglas-fir samples containing an iodinated phenol-formaldehyde adhesive were analyzed using nano-X-ray computed tomography (XCT), X-ray fluorescence microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to observe adhesive penetration in cell walls. A gradient of penetration was observed within the cell wall structure. In addition, these nano-XCT datasets were indexed to previous micro-XCT datasets, which gave the ability to link the nanoscale cell wall penetration to microscale penetration in to the porous network of cell lumens.
References
Bin B, Rukai Z, Songtao W, Wenjing Y, Gelb J, Gu A,
Xiangxiang Z, Ling S (2013) Multi-scale method of
nano(micro)-CT study on microscopic pore structure of
tight sandstone of Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin.
Petrol Explor Dev 40(3):354-358.
Cetinbas FC, Ahluwalia RK, Kariuki N, De Andrade V,
Fongalland D, Smith L, Sharman J, Ferreira P, Rasouli S,
Myers DJ (2017) Hybrid approach combining multiple
characterization techniques and simulations for microstructural
analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell
electrodes. J Power Sources 344:62-73.
De Andrade V, Deriy A, Wojcik MJ, G¨ursoy D, Shu D,
Fezzaa K, De Carlo F (2016) Nanoscale 3D imaging at the
advanced photon source. SPIE Newsroom May 12, 2016.
doi: 10.1117/2.1201604.006461.
De Carlo F, Gursoy D, Marone F, Rivers M, Parkinson YD,
Khan F, Schwarz N, Vine DJ, Vogt S, Gleber SC, Narayanan
S, Newville M, Lanzirotti T, Sun Y, Hong YP, Jacobsen C
(2014) Scientific data exchange: A schema for hdf5-based
storage of raw and analyzed data. J Synchrotron Radiat 21(6):
-1230.
Evans PD, Morrison O, Senden TJ, Vollmer S, Roberts RJ,
Limaye A, Arns CH, Averdunk H, Lowe A, Knackstedt
MA (2010) Visualization and numerical analysis of adhesive
distribution in particleboard using X-ray microcomputed
tomography. Int J Adhes Adhes 30:754-762.
Gindl W (2001) SEM and UV-microscopic investigation of
glue lines in Parallam PSL. Holz Roh Werkst 59:211-214.
GindlW,Dessipri E,Wimmer R (2002) UsingUV-microscopy
to study diffusion of melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin in
cell walls of spruce wood. Holzforschung 56:103-107.
Gindl W, Schoberl T, Jeronimidis G (2004) The interphase in
phenol-formaldehyde and polymeric methylene di-phenyl-diisocyanate glue lines inwood. Int J Adhes Adhes 24:279-286.
Gursoy D, De Carlo F, Xiao X, Jacobsen C (2014) TomoPy:
A framework for the analysis of synchrotron tomographic
data. J Synchrotron Radiat 21:1188-1193.
Hass P, Wittel FK, Mendoza M, Herrmann HJ, Niemz P
(2012) Adhesive penetration in beech wood: experiments.
Wood Sci Technol 46:243-256
Jakes J, Hunt C, Yelle D, Lorenz L, Hirth K, Gleber S-C,
Vogt S, Grigsby W, Frihart C (2015) Synchrotron-based
X-ray fluorescence microscopy in conjunction with
nanoindentation to study molecular-scale interactions of
phenol-formaldehyde in wood cell walls. ACS Appl Mater
Interfaces 7:6584-6589.
Jeremic D, Cooper P, Brodersen P (2007) Penetration of poly
(ethylene glycol) into wood cell walls of red pine. Holzforschung 61:272-278.
Kamke FA, Nairn JA, Muszynski L, Paris J, Schwarzkopf M,
Xiao X (2014) Methodology for micro-mechanical analysis
of wood-adhesive bonds using XCT and numerical
modeling. Wood Fiber Sci 46(1):15-28.
Khoury BM, Bigelow EM, Smith L, Schlecht SH, Scheller
EL, Andarawis-Puri N, Jepsen KJ (2015) The use of nano-computed tomography to enhance musculoskeletal research. Connect Tissue Res 56(2):106-119.
Letiche M, Eustache E, Freixas J, Demortiere A, De Andrade
V, Morgenroth L, Tilmant P, Vaurette F, Troadec D,
Roussel P, Brousse T, Lethien C (2017) Atomic layer
deposition of functional layers for on chip 3D Li-ion all
solid state microbattery. Adv Energy Mater 017;7:1601402.
Lim C, Yan B, Kang H, Song Z, Lee WC, De Andrade V, De
Carlo F, Yin L, Kim Y, Zhu L (2016) Analysis of geometric
and electrochemical characteristics of lithium cobalt
oxide electrode with different packing densities. J Power
Sources 328:46-55.
Mannes D, Marone F, Lehmann E, Stampanoni M, Niemz P
(2010) Application areas of synchrotron radiation tomographic
microscopy for wood research. Wood Sci Technol 44:67-84.
Mayo SC, Chen F, Evans R (2010) Micron-scale 3D imaging of
wood and plant microstructure using high-resolution x-ray
phase-contrast microtomography. J Struct Biol 171:182-188.
McKinley PE, Ching DJ, Kamke FA, Zauner M, Xiao X
(2016) Micro X-ray computed tomography of adhesive
bonds in wood. Wood Fiber Sci 48:2-16.
Metscher BD (2013) Biological applications of X-ray
microtomography: Imaging microanatomy, molecular expression and organismal diversity. Microsc Anal (Am Ed)
(2):13-16.
Miqueles EX, Rinkel J, O’Dowd F, Bermudez JSV (2014)
Generalized Titarenko’s algorithm for ring artefacts reduction.
J Synchrotron Radiat 21(6):1333-1346.
Modzel G, Kamke FA, De Carlo F (2011) Comparative
analysis of a wood-adhesive bondline. Wood Sci Technol
:147-158.
Paris J, Kamke F (2015) Quantitative wood-adhesive penetration with X-ray computed tomography. Int J Adhes
Adhes 61:71-80.
Paris J, Kamke FA, Mbachu R, Gibson S (2014) Phenol formaldehyde adhesives formulated for advanced X-ray imaging in wood-composite bondlines. J Mater Sci 42(2):580-591.
Pelt DM, Batenburg KJ (2015) Accurately approximating
algebraic tomographic reconstruction by filtered back-projection. Pages 158–161 in Proc. 2015 International
Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction
in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine.
Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair
M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B,
Tinevez J-Y,White DJ, Hartenstein V, Eliceiri K, Tomancak
P, Cardona A (2012) Fiji: An open-source platform for
biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9(7):676-682.
Schneider P, Stauber M, Voide R, Stampanoni M, Donahue
LR, M¨uller R (2007) Ultrastructural properties in cortical
bone vary greatly in two inbred strains of mice as assessed
by synchrotron light based micro- and nano-CT. J Bone
Miner Res 22(10):1557-1569.
Shearing PR, Bradley RS, Gelb J, Lee SN, Atkinson A,
Withers PJ, Brandon NP (2011) Using synchrotron X-ray
nano-CT to characterize SOFC electrode microstructures
in three-dimensions at operating temperature. Electrochem
Solid-State Lett 14(10):B117-B120.
Standfest G, Kranzer S, Petutschnigg A, Dunky M (2010)
Determination of the microstructure of an adhesive-bonded
medium density fiberboard (MDF) using 3-D submicrometer
computer tomography. J Adhes Sci Technol
:1501-1514.
Steppe K, Cnudde V, Girard C, Lemeur R, Cnudde J-P,
Jacobs P (2004) Use of X-ray computed microtomography
for non-invasive determination of wood anatomical
characteristics. J Struct Biol 148:11-21.
Stockel F, Konnerth J, Moser J, Kantner W, Gindl-Altmutter
W (2012) Micromechanical properties of the interphase in
pMDI and UF bond lines. Wood Sci Technol 46:611-620.
Trtik P, Dual J, Keunecke D, Mannes D, Niemz P, Stahli P,
Stampanoni M (2007) 3D imaging of microstructure of
spruce wood. J Struct Biol 159:46-55.
Vogt S (2003) MAPS: A set of software tools for analysis and
visualization of 3D X-ray fluorescence data sets. J Phys IV
:635-638.
Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Meng Y, Wang S (2016) Characterization of adhesive penetration in wood bond by
means of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM). Holzforschung
(4):323-330.
Zauner M, Keunecke D, Mokso R, Stampanoni M, Niemz P
(2012) Synchrotron-based tomographic microscopy
(SbTM) of wood: Development of a testing device and
observation of plastic deformation of uniaxially compressed
Norway spruce samples. Holzforschung 66(8):
-979.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
