ORTHOGONAL CUTTING STUDY OF WOOD AND KNOTS OF WHITE SPRUCE
Keywords:
cutting forces, knots, wood density, surface roughnessAbstract
Wood defects can cause important loss of raw material and tooling during wood machining. White spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) is a wood species widely used in Canada, which presents an important occurrence of knots. These knots provoke several problems during machining affecting the final surface quality. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the orthogonal cutting forces and surface quality of white spruce wood with and without the presence of knots. Wood pieces of 12% MC were machined at four rake angles (10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°). Cutting forces and roughness were measured on clear wood (90°-0° cutting direction), knot (90°-90° cutting direction), and surrounding knot areas (before and after knot). Wood density in matched pieces were analyzed by X-ray densitometry. The results showed that the density of knots was in average 2.4 times higher than the density of clear wood. However, cutting forces of knots were up to eight times higher than those of clear wood. For all cutting areas, the parallel force increased as rake angle decreased. However, the sensitivity of cutting forces to changes in rake angle was higher for knots than for clear wood. Furthermore, surface roughness was positively correlated with the cutting forces. The rake angle of 40° produced the smaller cutting forces and lower surface roughness for clear wood, knots, and surrounding knot areas.
References
Buksnowitz C, Hackspiel C, Hofstetter K, Muller U, Gindl
W, Teischinger A, Konnerth J (2010) Knots in trees: Strain
distribution in a naturally optimised structure. Wood Sci
Technol 44(3):389-398.
Cramer SM, McDonald KA (1989) Predicting lumber tensile
stiffness and strength with local grain angle measurements
and failure analysis. Wood Fiber Sci 21(4):393-410.
Duchesne I (2006) Effect of rotation age on lumber grade
yield, bending strength and stiffness in jack pine (Pinus
banksiana Lamb.) natural stands. Wood Fiber Sci 38(1):
-94.
Eyma F, Meausoone PJ,Martin P (2004) Study of the properties
of thirteen tropical wood species to improve the prediction of
cutting forces in mode B. Ann Sci 61(1):55-64.
Hernandez RE, Llave AM, Koubaa A (2014) Effects of
cutting parameters on cutting forces and surface quality of
black spruce cants. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 72(1):107-116.
Huang YS (1994) Cutting force components in orthogonal
cutting parallel to the grain (90-0) I. Effects of rake angles.
Mokuzai Gakkaishi 40(10):1134-1140.
Iskra P, Hernandez RE (2009) The influence of cutting parameters on the surface quality of routed paper birch and
surface roughness prediction modeling. Wood Fiber Sci
(1):28-37.
Iskra P, Tanaka C (2005) The influence of wood fiber direction,
feed rate, and cutting width on sound intensity during routing.
Holz Als Roh-und Werkst 63(3):167-172.
Jin W, Cai L (1996) Study and analysis on cutting forces of
oblique cutting of wood. Holz Als Roh-und Werkst 54(4):
-286.
Kivimaa E (1950) Cutting force in woodworking. Valtion
Teknillinen Tutkimuslaitoksen Julkaisuja, Helsinki, Finland,
Kivimaa E (1952) Blunting of wood-working tools. Holz
Roh Werkst 10(11):425-428.
Ko PL, Hawthorne HM, Andiappan J (1999) Tribology in
secondary wood machining. Pages 101-117 in S Bahadur,
J Magee, eds. Wear processes in manufacturing. American
Society for Testing Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
Koch P (1964) Wood machining processes. Ronald Press
Co., New York, NY.
Koch P (1972) Utilization of the southern pines, Vol. 2:
Processing. US Department of Agriculture-Forest Service,
Washington, DC.
Koch P (1985) Utilization of hardwoods growing on southern
pine sites, Vol. 2: Processing. US Department of Agriculture-
Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Konishi C (1972) Cutting ability of knife with planer. I.
Relationship between condition of wood and cutting force.
Mokuzai Gakkaishi 18(5):223-229.
Lemieux H, Beaudoin M, Zhang SY (2001) Characterization
and modeling of knots in black spruce (Picea mariana)
logs. Wood Fiber Sci 33(3):465-475.
McKenzie WM (1960) Fundamental aspects of the woodcutting
process. Forest Prod J 10(9):447-456.
Porankiewicz B, Axelsson B, Gronlund A, Marklund B
(2011) Main and normal cutting forces by machining wood
of Pinus sylvestris. BioResources 6(4):3687-3713.
Stewart HA (1969) Effect of cutting direction with respect to
grain angle on the quality of machined surface, tool force
components, and cutting friction coefficient. Forest Prod J
(3):43-46.
Stewart HA (1970) Cross-grain knife planing hard maple
produces high-quality surfaces and flakes. Forest Prod J
(10):39-42.
Stewart HA (1977) Optimum rake angle related to selected
strength properties of wood. Forest Prod J 27(1):51-53.
Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2007) Using multivariate statistics.
Pearson/Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA.
Tong QJ, Duchesne I, Belley D, Beaudoin M, Swift E (2013)
Characterization of knots in plantation white spruce. Wood
Fiber Sci 45(1):84-97.
Woodson GE (1979) Tool forces and chip types in orthogonal
cutting of southern hardwoods. USDA Forest
Service, New Orleans, LA.
Woodson GE, Koch P (1970) Tool forces and chip formation
in orthogonal cutting of loblolly pine. USDA Forest
Service, New Orleans, LA.
Zhang SY, Chauret G, Swift DE, Duchesne I (2006) Effects
of precommercial thinning on tree growth and lumber
quality in a jack pine stand in New Brunswick, Canada.
Can J Res 36(4):945-952.
Zhang SY, Koubaa A (2008) Softwoods of eastern Canada:
Their silvics, characteristics, manufacturing and end-uses.
FPInnovations, Quebec, Canada.
Zhou H, Smith I (1991) Factors influencing bending properties
of white spruce lumber. Wood Fiber Sci 23(4):
-500.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.