Swelling Properties of Hardwoods as Affected by their Extraneous Substances, Wood Density, and Interlocked Grain
Keywords:
Ash content, density, extractives, interlocked grain, swelling, tropical woodsAbstract
Samples of nine tropical hardwoods from Peru and sugar maple wood from Quebec were selected to perform moisture sorption tests associated with swelling tests using a multiple step procedure at 25°C. Cold-water and hot-water extractives, sequential cyclohexane, acetone, and methanol extracts, ash content, wood density, and interlocked grain also were evaluated on matched samples. Swelling properties were highly variable within and among wood species. The wood density corrected for the extraneous substances was the most significant variable positively affecting the transverse and volumetric swelling of tropical hardwoods. Sequential extraction with organic solvents was the most suitable method for evaluating the effect of extractives on swelling properties of tropical hardwoods. The extractives soluble in cyclohexane were the more accessible, but they virtually did not contribute to wood swelling. The substances dissolved in acetone appeared to be located within cell walls. After wood density, these compounds were the most significant variable negatively affecting the radial swelling. The substances dissolved in methanol were located within cell walls. After wood density, this extracted fraction was the most significant variable negatively affecting the tangential swelling. The acetone and methanol extracted fractions positively affected the dimensional stability of tropical hardwoods. Finally, the effect of the interlocked grain on swelling was only indirect given that this grain pattern reduces the equilibrium moisture content.References
Adamopoulos, S. 2002. Influence of hot-water extractives on radial and tangential shrinkage of black locust wood. (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Holz Roh-Werkst.60(5): 377-378.nAróstegui, A. 1982. Recopilación y análisis de estudios tecnológicos de maderas peruanas. Proyecto PNUD/FAO/PER/81/002. Documento de trabajo N° 2. Lima, Peru. 57 pp.nChafe, S. C. 1986. Collapse, volumetric shrinkage, specific gravity and extractives in eucalyptus and other species. Part 1: The shrinkage/specific gravity ratio. Wood Sci. Technol.20(4):293-307.nChafe, S. C. 1987. Collapse, volumetric shrinkage, specific gravity and extractives in eucalyptus and other species. Part 2: The influence of wood extractives. Wood Sci. Technol.21(1):27-41.nChoong, E. T. 1969. Effect of extractives on shrinkage and other hygroscopic properties of ten southern pine woods. Wood Fiber1(2):124-133.nChoong, E. T., and S. S. Achmadi. 1991. Effect of extractives on moisture sorption and shrinkage in tropical woods. Wood Fiber Sci.23(2):185-196.nCooper, G. A. 1974. The effect of black walnut extractives in sorption, shrinkage, and swelling. Wood Sci.6(4): 380-385.nDraper, N. R., and H. Smith. 1981. Applied regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 709 pp.nGoulet, M., and Y. Fortin. 1975. Mesures du gonflement de l'érable à sucre au cours d'un cycle de sorption d'humidité à 21°C. Note de recherches No 12, Département d'exploitation et utilisation des bois, Université Laval, Québec. 49 pp.nHart, C. A. 1984. Relative humidity, EMC, and collapse shrinkage in wood. Forest Prod. J.34(11/12):45-54.nHernéndez, R. E. 2007a. Moisture sorption properties of hardwoods as affected by their extraneous substances, wood density, and interlocked grain. Wood Fiber Sci.39(1):132-145.nHernéndez, R. E. 2007b. Effects of extraneous substances, wood density, and interlocked grain on fiber saturation point of hardwoods (submitted).nKelsey, K. E. 1956. The shrinkage intersection point. Its significance and the method of its determination. Forest Prod. J.6(10):411-417.nKribs, D. A. 1950. Commercial foreign woods on the American market, a manual to their structure, identification, uses and distribution. Tropical Wood Laboratory, Pennsylvania State College, PA. 241 pp.nKrutul, D. 1983. Influence of the isolation of extractives substances and carbohydrates soluble in alkalies on some hygroscopic properties of spruce wood. Drevarsky Vyskum28(2):1-12.nKryla, J. M. 1980. Characteristics of carbonized wood affected by extraction. Wood Sci.13(1):18-25.nMantanis, G. I., R. A. Young, and R. M. Rowell. 1994. Swelling of wood. Part 1. Swelling in water. Wood Sci. Technol.28(2):119-134.nMorgan, J. W. W., and R. J. Orsler. 1969. The interaction of wood with organic solvents. Part II. Its significance for extractive location. Holzforschung23(2):48-51.nNearn, W. T. 1955. Effect of water soluble extractives on the volumetric shrinkage and equilibrium moisture content of eleven tropical and domestic woods. Bull. 598, Agricultural Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 32 pp.nNoack, D., E. Schwab, and A. Bartz. 1973. Characteristics for a judgment of the sorption and swelling behavior of wood. Wood Sci. Technol.7:218-236.nSekhar, A. C., and S. S. Rajput. 1967. Some studies on the shrinkage behaviour of wood. Wood Sci. Technol.1(2): 99-108.nShupe, T. F., E. T. Choong, and M. D. Gibson. 1996. The effects of previous drying and extractives on the radial and tangential shrinkage of outerwood, middlewood, and corewood of two sweetgum trees. Forest Prod. J.46(9): 94-97.nSkaar, C. 1988. Wood-water relations. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 283 pp.nSpalt, H. A. 1979. Water-vapor sorption by woods of high extractive content. Pages 55-61 in Proc. Wood moisture content—temperature and humidity relationships. Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., October 29, 1979, Blacksburg, VAnStamm, A. J., and W. K. Loughborough. 1942. Variation in shrinking and swelling of wood. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. Trans.64:379-386.nTaylor, F. W. 1974. Effect of extraction on the volume dimensions and specific gravity of solid wood blocks. Wood Sci.6(4):396-404.nTorelli, N., and K. Cufar. 1979. Shrinkage, swelling and sorption characteristics of 43 Mexican tropical hardwoods. Department of Wood Science and Technology, Edvard Kardelj University, Ljubljana, SFR, Yugoslavia. 55 pp.nUSDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-113, Washington, DC.nWangaard, F. F. 1951. Tests and properties of tropical woods. Proc. Forest Products Research Society5:206-214.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
