Accelerated Weathering Test of Kenaf Fiber Unsaturated Polyester Sheet Molding Compounds
Keywords:
Sheet molding compounds (SMC), kenaf fiber, accelerated weathering testAbstract
Natural fiber is an excellent renewable resource for making composite materials that are more lightweight than those made with fiberglass. However, the major issue for composites made with natural fibers as reinforcement is their hydrophilic nature. In this study, laminated composites were prepared using nanoparticle-impregnated kenaf fibers and a modified polyester resin containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes. These were compared with composites made from retted fibers, fiberglass, and unmodified polyester resin. After being subjected to accelerated weathering in a weatherometer, modified composites exhibited significantly less water sorption and minimal decrease in flexural modulus compared with unmodified composites.References
Abdul K (1999) Acetylated plant fibre reinforced composites. PhD thesis, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK.nAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (2008) Standard practice for operating light and water exposure apparatus for exposure of plastics. ASTM D4329. Philadelphia, PA.nAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (2010a) Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. ASTM D 790. Philadelphia, PA.nAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (2010b) Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics. ASTM D638. Philadelphia, PA.nArzondo LM, Vazquez A, Carella JM, Pastor JM (2004) A low-cost, low-fiber-breakage, injection molding process for long sisal fiber reinforced polypropylene. Polym Eng Sci 44(9):1766-1772.nBeckwith SW (2003) Natural fiber reinforcement materials: Lower cost fiber technology for composites applications. Composites Fabrication Nov/Dec:12-16. http://www.sandymunro.net/articles/Composites_Fabrication_-_Natural_Fiber.pdf'>http://www.sandymunro.net/articles/Composites_Fabrication_-_Natural_Fiber.pdfnBledzki AK, Faruk O, Sperber VE (2006) Cars from biofibers. Macromol Mater Eng 291(5):449-457.nBledzki AK, Fink HP, Specht K (2004) Unidirectional hemp and flax EP- and PP- composites: Influence of defined fiber treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 93(5):2150-2156.nChan CM, Wu J, Li JX, Cheung YK (2002) Polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites. Polymer (Guildf) 43:2981-2992.nDonaldson SL, Miracle DB (2001) Composites. Pages 6501-6509 in ASM handbook volume 21. ASM International, Materials Park, OH.nFeng B, Cao DM, Meng WJ, Xu J, Tittsworth RC, Rehn LE, Baldo PM, Doll GL (2001) Characterization of microstructure and mechanical behavior of sputter deposited Ti-containing amorphous carbon coatings. Surf Coat Tech 148(2-3):153-162.nHolbery J, Houston D (2006) Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications. Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 58(11):80-86.nHon D (2001) Weathering and photochemistry of wood. Pages 513-546 in DS Hon, N Shiraishi eds Wood and cellulose chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.nJohn MJ, Thomas S (2008) Biofibres and biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 71:343-364.nKijchavengkul T, Auras R, Rubino M, Selke S, Ngouajio M, Fernandez RT (2011) Formulation selection of aliphatic aromatic biodegradable polyester film exposed to UV/solar radiation. Polym Degrad Stabil 96(10):1919-1927.nLee SY (2002) Transcrystallization behavior and interfacial strength of a semicrystalline polymer combined with thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fiber. MS thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID. 72 pp.nLee SY, Shi SQ, Barnes HM (2009) Multifunctional nanoparticles at the hydrophilic and hydrophobic interface. Pages 173-181 in Proceedings of Advanced Biomass Science and Technology for Bio-Based Products. May 23-25, 2007, Beijing, China, Chinese Academy of Forestry.nMa C, Rong M, Zhang M, Friedrich K (2005) Irradiation-induced surface graft polymerization onto calcium carbonate nanoparticles and its toughening effects on polypropylene composites. Polym Eng Sci 45(4):529-538.nMohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2002) Sustainable biocomposites from renewable resources: Opportunities and challenges in the green materials world. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 10(1/2):19-26.nMohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT, Selke SE, Harte DR, Hinrichsen G (2005) Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites: An introduction. Pages 1-36 in AK Mohanty, M Misra, and LT Drzal, eds. Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.nMohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen G (2000) Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites. An overview. Macromol Mater Eng 276/277:1-24.nPerry DR (1975) Identification of textile materials. The Textile Institute, Manara Printing Services, London, UK.nPuglia D, Biagiotti J, Kenny JM (2004) A review on natural fibre-based composites—Part II: Application of natural reinforcements in composite materials for automotive industry. J Nat Fibers 1(3):23-65.nSaheb DN, Jog JP (1999) Natural fiber polymer composites: A review. Adv Polym Technol 18(4):351-363.nSchier J (2000) Compositional and failure analysis of polyesters: A practical approach. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.nShi J, Shi SQ, Barnes HM, Horstemeyer M, Wang G (2011a) Kenaf bast fibers—Part II: Inorganic nanoparticle impregnation for polymer composites. International Journal of Polymer Science 2011(2011), Article ID 73647, 7 pp. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2011/736474/ (31 Oct 2012). http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2011/736474/'>http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2011/736474/nShi J, Shi SQ, Barnes HM, Horstemeyer M, Wang J, Hassan ELB (2011b) Kenaf bast fibers—Part I: Hermetical alkaline retting of kenaf bast fibers. International Journal of Polymer Science 2011 (2011), Article ID 212047, 8 pp. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2011/212047/ (31 Oct 2012). http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2011/212047/'>http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijps/2011/212047/nShi SQ, Gardner DJ, Wang JZ (1997) Surface properties of polymeric automobile fluff particles characterized by inverse gas chromatography and contact angle analysis. Pages 245-256 in Proc 4th International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, May 12-14, 1997, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.nShi SQ, Lee S, Horstemeyer M (2007) Natural fiber retting and inorganic nanoparticle impregnation treatment for natural fiber/polymer composites. Pages 156/1-156/19 in Proc American Society for Composites, Technical Conference 2007. University of Washington, Seattle, WA.nShi SQ, Lee S, Shi J (2008) Lamination process for chemical retted kenaf fiber/thermoplastic polymer composites. Pages 62/1-62/11 in Proc American Society for Composites Technical Conference 2008, Memphis, TN.nWambua P, Ivens J, Verpoest I (2003) Natural fibres: Can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics? Compos Sci Technol 63(9):1259-1264.nWang J, Ramaswamy GN (2003) One-step processing and bleaching of mechanically separated kenaf fibers: Effects on physical and chemical properties. Textile Res J 73(4):339-344.nYang GC, Zeng HM, Li JJ, Jian NB, Zhang WB (1996) Relation of modification and tensile properties of sisal fiber. Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao Ziran Kexueban 35(4):53-57.nZampaloni M, Pourboghrat F, Yankovich SA, Rodgers BN, Moore J, Drzal LT, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2007) Kenaf natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: A discussion on manufacturing problems and solutions. Compos Part A-Appl S 38A(6):1569-1580.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
