Ultrastructural and Molecular Concepts of Cell-Wall Formation
Abstract
Biochemical, physiological, and cytological aspects of cell-wall formation are discussed. The relationship between cell division, cell extension, and wall formation are analyzed and presented in a unified frame of reference. The cell is considered as a packet of energy—some of which is in the form of information and some of which is in the form of structure. The possibility of a self-assembly system for cell-wall synthesis is raised.
Recent work in biochemistry and genetics has elucidated the shikimic acid and chorismic acid pathways leading to the aromatic amino acids. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase has been suggested as a key enzyme in controlling lignification, and these results, together with the Freudenberg hypothesis, have provided at least a preliminary understanding of the lignification process. The future use of auxotrophic mutants of higher plants should greatly deepen our knowledge in this arca. The sugar nucleotides have been shown to be the primary agents in cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin synthesis. Indole acetic acid directly promotes synthesis of the matrix polysaccharides of the wall but only indirectly controls the formation of the cellulose framework. Matrix polysaccharides have been shown to be intercalated throughout the pre-existing wall, while current evidence is that cellulose is added by apposition. The cytological level is probably the least known component of wall development. The role of the Golgi vesicles in the formation and orientation of the cell plate is clearly established, but whether such vesicles play a role in actual wall formation is open to question. Three types of paramural bodies found in pine and lentil seedlings are described, and their possible origins and functions in cell-wall formation are discussed. A new calculation for pore size in the hydrated and dehydrated cell walls is also presented and discussed.
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