Impact of a Regeneration Method and Vertical Position on Juvenile Wood Properties of Jack Pine in Northwestern Ontario

Authors

  • Mathew Leitch
  • Chander Shahi
  • Karen Jackson

Keywords:

Mechanical wood properties, conifer species, silvicultural practices, regeneration methods, forest industry, boreal forests, northwestern Ontario

Abstract

The effects of regeneration methods and vertical positions on three juvenile wood properties of 25-yr-old jack pine grown in the Boreal forests of northwestern Ontario were studied. Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture in static bending and specific gravity were determined from clear wood specimens of three vertical positions of trees selected from four stands that were aerial-seeded, Bräcke-seeded, planted, and postfire naturally regenerated. Juvenile wood properties among the four regeneration methods were not significantly different, however, they were found to vary significantly among the vertical positions for three of the methods: aerial-seeded, Bräck-seeded, and postfire natural stands. The wood properties of juvenile jack pine were quite variable, irrespective of the regeneration method, but there is a substantial potential in separating jack pine logs along the stem for various uses based on the regeneration method.

References

Alteyrac J, Zhang SY, Cloutier A, Ruel JC (2005) Influence of stand density on ring width and wood density at different sampling heights in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.]. Wood Fiber Sci 37(1):83-94.nAmarasekara H, Denne MP (2002) Effects of crown size on wood characteristics of Corsican pine in relation to definitions of juvenile wood, crown formed wood and core wood. Forestry 75(1):51-61.nASTM (1998) D 143-94. Standard methods for testing small clear specimens of timber. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.nASTM (2002) D 2395-02. Standard test methods for specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.nBao FC, Jiang ZH, Jiang XM, Lu XX, Luo XQ, Zhang SY (2001) Differences in wood properties between juvenile wood and mature wood in 10 species grown in China. Wood Sci Technol 35(4):363-375.nBarnett JR, Bonham VA (2004) Cellulose microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 79(2):461-472.nBell FW, Baker WD, Vassov R (1990) Influence of initial spacing on jack pine wood yield and quality—A literature review. Northwestern Ontario Forest Technology Development Unit. NWOFTDU Technical Report #10. 26 pp.nBella IE, DeFranceschi JP (1974) Commercial thinning improves growth of jack pine. Can For Serv Northern For Res Cent, Edmonton, Alberta. Inf Rep NOR-X-112. 23 pp.nBendtsen BA (1978) Properties of wood from improved and intensively managed trees. Forest Prod J 28(10):61-72.nBendtsen BA, Senft J (1986) Mechanical and anatomical properties in individual growth rings of plantation-grown eastern cottonwood and loblolly pine. Wood Fiber Sci 18(1):23-38.nBiblis EJ, Carino H, Brinker R, McKee CW (1995) Effect of stand density on flexural properties of lumber from two 35-year-old loblolly pine plantations. Wood Fiber Sci 27(1):25-33.nBodie BF (1988) Wood properties of jack pine from a northwestern Ontario plantation. HBScF Thesis, School of Forestry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. 31 pp.nBrazier JD (1977) The effect of forest practices on quality of the harvested crop. Forestry 50(1):49-66.nDechesne I (2006) Effect of rotation age on lumber grade yield, bending strength and stiffness in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Wood Fiber Sci 38(1):84-94.nDhubhain AN, Evertsen JA, Gardiner JJ (1988) The influence of compression wood on the strength properties of Sitka spruce. Forest Prod J 38(9):67-69.nEriksson D, Lindberg H, Bergsten U (2006) Influence of silviculture regime on wood structure characteristics and mechanical properties of clear wood in Pinus sylvestris. Silva Fennica 40(4):743-762.nGodman RM, Cooley JH (1970) Effect of initial spacing on jack pine growth and yield. Mich Acad 2(4):107-111.nHatton JV, Hunt K (1993) Chemical properties of juvenile and mature wood from second growth jack pine. Cellulose Chem Technol 27:17-37.nHillis WE (1984) Wood quality and utilization. Pages 259-289 in WE Hillis and AG Brown, eds. Eucalypts for wood production. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia.nISO (1975a) 3133-(E). Wood - Determination of ultimate strength in static bending. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.nISO (1975b) 3130-(E). Wood - Determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.nJanas PS, Brand DG (1988) Comparative growth and development of planted and natural stands of jack pine. For Chron 64(4):320-328.nKang KY, Zhang SY, Mansfield SD (2004) The effects of initial spacing on wood density, fibre and pulp properties in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Holzforschung 58(5):455-463.nKretschmann DE, Bendtsen BA (1992) Ultimate tensile stress and modulus of elasticity of fast-grown plantation loblolly pine lumber. Wood Fiber Sci 24(2):189-203.nLarocque GR, Marshall PL (1995). Wood relative density development in red pine (Pinus resinosa ait.) stands as affected by different initial spacings. For Sci 41(4):709-728.nLarson PR (1962) A biological approach to wood quality. Tappi 45(6):443-448.nLarson PR (1994) The vascular cambium: Development and structure. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 725 pp.nMackes K, Sheppard W, Jennings C (2005) Evaluating the bending properties of clear wood specimens produced from small-diameter ponderosa pine trees. Forest Prod J 55(10):72-80.nMacPeak MD, Burkart LF, Weldon D (1990) Comparison of grade, yield, and mechanical properties of lumber produced from young fast-grown and older slow-grown planted slash pine. Forest Prod J 40(1):11-14.nMarkstrom DC, Teroxell HE, Boldt CE (1983) Wood properties of immature ponderosa pine after thinning. Forest Prod J 33(4):33-36.nMegraw RA (1985) Wood quality factors in loblolly pine. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA. 89 pp.nMorris DM, Bowling C, Hills SC (1994) Growth and form responses to precommercial thinning regimes in aerially seeded jack pine stands: 5th year results. For Chron 70(6):780-787.nOkkonen EA, Wahlgren HE, Maeglin RR (1972) Relationships of specific gravity to tree height in commercially important species. Forest Prod J 22(7):37-42.nOkwuagwu CO, Guries RP (1980) Estimates of general and specific combining ability and heritability for juvenile wood specific gravity and tracheid length in jack pine. Pages 128-137 in Proc 27th Northwestern Forest Tree Improvement Conference.nOMNR (2008) Forest resources of Ontario 2006: State of the Forest Report 2006. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR_E005106.pdf'>http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR_E005106.pdfnPanshin AJ, de Zeeuw C (1980). Textbook of wood technology: Structure, identification, properties, and uses of the commercial woods of the United States and Canada. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY. 722 pp.nPassialis C, Kiriazakos A (2004) Juvenile and mature wood properties of naturally-grown fir trees. Holz Roh Werkst 62:476-478.nPorter AW (1981) Strength and physical properties of wood. Pages 71-96 in EJ Mullins and TS McKnight, eds. Canadian woods: Their properties and uses. 3rd ed. Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Toronto, Canada. 389 pp.nSavidge RA (1993) Formation of annual rings in trees. Pages 343-363 in L Rensing, ed. Oscillations and morphogenesis. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY.nSeth MK (1981) Variation in tracheid length in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana AB Jackson) part 2: Radial pattern of variation in tracheid length in the first-formed earlywood from pith to bark. Wood Sci Technol 15(4):275-286.nSpurr SH, Hsiung W (1954) Growth rate and specific gravity in conifers. J Forestry 52(3):191-200.nTong QJ, Zhang SY, Thompson M (2005) Evaluation of growth response, stand value and financial return for pre-commercially thinned jack pine stands in northwestern Ontario. For Ecol Mgmt 209(3):225-235.nVan Damme L, McKee K (1990) The extent and nature of seeded jack pine clumping following disturbance in northwestern Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Northwestern Ontario Forest Technology Development Unit. NWOFTDU Technical Report #58. 42 pp.nVassov R, Baker WD (1988) Pre-commercial thinning of jack pine. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, North-western Ontario Forest Technology Development Unit. NWOFTDU Technical Report #12. 25 pp.nVilleneuve M, Morgenstern EK, Sebastian LP (1987) Variation patterns and age relationships of wood density in families of jack pine and black spruce. Can J Res 17(10):1219-1222.nZhang SY, Chauret G, Ren HQ, Desjardins R (2005) Maximizing the value of jack pine resource. Forintek Canada Corp. Eastern Division. General Revenue Project No. 2403 (unpublished).nZhang SY, Chauret G, Swift DE, Duchesne I (2006) Effects of precommercial thinning on tree growth and lumber quality in a jack pine stand in New Brunswick, Canada. Can J Res 36(4):945-952.nZhou H, Smith I (1991) Factors influencing bending properties of white spruce lumber. Wood Fiber Sci 23(4):483-500.nZobel BJ, van Buijtenen JP (1989) Wood variation: Its causes and controls. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. 363 pp.n

Downloads

Published

2011-01-21

Issue

Section

Research Contributions