Basic Density in Norway Spruce. Part I. A Literature Review

Authors

  • Håkan Lindström

Keywords:

<i>Picea abies</i>, crown development, stem taper, growth ring width, basic density, wood density

Abstract

The literature review establishes the background for a series of papers relating environmental influence to basic density of Norway spruce (Picea abies). The four independent theories of wood formation given indicate that crown development acts as a primary regulator of wood structure and basic density in conifers. The review focuses on variables connected to crown development and basic density. Models of basic density in Picea abies were based on variables dependent on crown development, such as stem taper and growth ring width. It is suggested that models accurately predicting basic density should be based on a set of variables closely related to crown development.

References

Assmann, E. 1961. Waldertragskunde. BLV Munchen-Bonn-Wien.nAssmann, E. 1970. The principles of forest yield study. Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Braunschweig.nBaker, F. S. 1950. Principles of silviculture. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, Toronto, London.nBarnett, J. R. 1981. Secondary xylem cell development. Pages 47-95 in J. R. Barnett, ed. Xylem cell development. Castle House Publications Ltd, London.nBendtsen, B. A. 1978. Properties of wood from improved and intensively managed trees. Forest Prod. J. 28(10):61-72.nBertog, G. 1895. Untersuchungen Über den Wuchs und das Holz der Weisstanne und Fichte. Forstl. naturw. Z. (4):97-112, 177-216.nBrazier, J. D. 1977. The effect of forest practices on quality of the harvested crop. Forestry 50(1):49-66.nBrazier, H. 1939. Baumkrone und Zuwachs in zwei hiebsreifen Fichtenbeständen. Mitt. Schweiz. Anstalt forstl. Versuchsw. (21):147-176.nBrazier, H. 1953. Holz, Blattmenge und Zuwachs. XIII. Fichten im gleichalterigen Hochwald. Mitt. Schweiz. Anstalt forstl. Versuchsw. (29):38-103.nBüsgen, M., and E. Münch. 1929. The structure and life of forest trees, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.nCieslar, A., and Janka, G. 1902. Studien über die qualität rasch erwachsenen Fichtenholzes. Centr. ges. Forstw. (28):337-403.nDinwoodie, J. M. 1981. Timber: Its nature and behaviour. Princes Risborough Laboratory. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, Cincinnati, Toronto, London, Melbourne.nElliott, G. K. 1970. Wood density in conifers. Technical Communication No. 8, Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Oxford, England.nEricson, B. 1966. Gallringens inverkan på vedens torrråvolymvikt, höstvedhalt och kärnvedhalt hos tall och gran. Dep. of For. Yield Research. Research note (10): 1-259.nFord, E. 1975. Competition and stand structure in some evenaged monoculture. J. Ecol. (63):311-333.nGevorkiantz, S. R. 1944. Measuring stand normality. J. Forestry (42):503-508.nGevorkiantz, S. R., and N. W. Hosley. 1929. Form and development of white pine stands in relation to growing space. Harvard Univ. For. Bull. (13):1-83.nGray, J. G. 1956. The form and taper of forest-tree stems. Oxford Univ., Imp. For. Inst. Paper (32): 1-72.nGuttenberg, A. R., and J. Müller. 1927. Holzmeβkunde. Pages 75-230 in A. R. Guttenberg, ed. Handbuch der Forstwissenschaft, vol 3, 4th ed. Verlag der H. Laupp'schen Buchhandlung. Tübingen, Germany.nHagberg, N. 1942. Stamforms för andringar hos tall och gran under beståndsut-vecklingèn och efter friställning. Sv. Skogsvårdsforeningens Tidskr. (40):1-46.nHakkila, P. 1979. Wood density survey and dry weight tables for pine, spruce, and birch stems in Finland. Communicationes instituti Forestalis Fenniae: (96.3):1-59.nHartig, R. 1891. Lehrbuch der Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen. J. Springer, Berlin, Germany.nHartig, R. 1892a. Ueber den Wuchs der Fichtenbestände des Forstenrieder und Ebersberger Parkes bei München. Forstl. naturw. Z. (1):129-140.nHartig, R. 1892b. Ueber den Einfluss den Enwicklungsgang der Fichte im geschlossen Bestände nach Hohe, Form und Inhalt. Forstl. naturw. Z. (1):169-185.nHartig, R. 1901. Holzuntersuchungen. Altes and neues. J. Springer, Berlin, Germany.nHildebrandt, G. 1954. Untersuchungen an Fichtenbeständen über Zuwachs und Ertrag reiner Holzsubstanz. Deut. Verlag Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany.nJaccard, P. 1913. Eine neue Aufassung über die Ursachen des Dickenwachtums. Naturw. Z. Forst- u. Landwirtsch. (11):241-279.nJaccard, P. 1915. Neue Untersuchungen über die Ursachen des Dickenwachstums der Baume. Naturw. Z. Forst- u. Landwirtsch. (13):321-360.nJohansson, D. 1940. Über Früh- und Spätholz in schwedischer Fichte und Kiefer und über ihren einfluss auf die Eigenschaften von Sulfit- u. Sulfatzellstoff. Holz. Roh- Werkst. (3):73-78.nJonson, T. 1927. Stamformsproblemet. Medd. Statens Skogsförsöksanstalt (23):495-586.nKlem, G. G. 1934. Undersökelser av granvirkets kvalitet. Medd. Norske Skogsforsøksv. 5(2):197-348.nKlem, G. G. 1942. Planteavstandens inflytelse på granvedens og sulfitcellulosens kvalitet. Medd. Norske Skogsforsøksv. (28):257-293.nKlem, G. G., F. Loschbrandt, and O. Bade. 1945. Undersökelser av granvirke i forbindelse med slipe- og sulfit kokeforsøk. Medd. Norske Skogsforsøksv. (31):1-127.nKramer, H. 1962. Kronenaufbau und Kronenentwicklung gleichalter Fichtenpflanzbestände. Allgem. Forstu. Jagdztg. (11):249-256.nKramer, H. 1966. Crown development in conifer stands in Scotland as influenced by initial spacing and subsequent thinning treatment. Forestry 39(1):40-58.nKramer, P. J., and T. T. Kozlowski. 1979. Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, London.nKucera, B. 1994. A hypothesis relating current annual height increment to juvenile wood formation in Norway Spruce. Wood Fiber Sci. 26(1):152-167.nKyrkjeeide, P. A. 1990. A wood quality study of suppressed, intermediate and dominant trees of plantation grown Picea abies. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.nLangsaeter, A. 1941. Om tynning i ensaldret gran- og furuskog. Medd. Norske Skogsforsøksv. (27): 130-216.nLarson, P. R. 1962. Auxin gradients and the regulation of cambial activity. Pages 97-117 in T. T. Kozlowski, ed. Tree growth. Ronald Press, New York, NY.nLarson, P. R. 1963. Stem form development of forest trees. Forest Sci. Monogr. (5):1-42.nLarson, P. R. 1969. Wood formation and the concept of wood quality. Yale Univ. For. Bull. (74): 1-54.nMadgwick, H. A. I., and C. O. Tamm. 1987. Allocation of dry weight increment in crowns of Picea abies as affected by stand nutrition. Oikos (48):99-105.nMadsen, T. L., P. Moltesen, and P. O. Oleson. 1978. The influence of thinning degree on basic density, production of dry matter, branch thickness and number of branches of Norway spruce. Det Forstl. Forsøgsv. Danm. (36):181-204.nMadsen, T. L., P. Moltesen, and P. O. Oleson. 1985. Effect of fertilization on the basic density and production of dry matter in Norway spruce. Det Forstl. Forsøgsv. Danm. 40(2): 141-172.nMattheck, C. 1991. Trees, the mechanical design. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.nMead, D. J., and C. O. Tamm. 1988. Growth and stem form changes in Picea abies as affected by stand nutrition. Scand. J. For. Res. (3):505-513.nMetzger, K. 1893. Der wind als massgebender Faktor, für das Wachsthum der Bäume. Mündener Forstl. (3): 35-86.nMetzger, K. 1908. Über das Konstruktions prinzip des sekundären Holzkörpers. Naturw. Z. Forst- u. Landwirtsch. (6):249-273.nMoltesen, P., T. L. Madsen, and P. O. Oleson. 1985. The influence of spacing on the production of dry matter and wood quality of Norway spruce. Det Forstl. Forsøgsv. Danm. (40):53-76.nNewnham, R. M. 1965. Stemform and the variation of taper with age and thinning régime. Forestry 38(2):218-224.nNylinder, P. 1953. Volymviktsvariationer hos gran. Medd. Statens Skogsforskningsinstitut 43(3):1-44.nOlesen, P. O. 1976. The interrelation between basic density and ring width of Norway spruce. Forstl. Forsogsv. Danm. 34:340-359.nOlesen, P. O. 1977. The variation of the basic density level and tracheid width within the juvenile and mature wood of Norway spruce. Forest Tree Improvement 12:1-21 Arbor, Hørsholm.nOmeis, E. 1895. Untersuchung des wachtumsganges und der Holzbeschaffenheit eines 110jährigen Kiefernbestäindes. Forstl. naturw. Z. (4): 137-170.nPanshin, A. J., and C. De Zeeuw. 1970. Textbook of wood technology, vol 1. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, San Francisco, Toronto, London.nPechmann, H. V., and O. Schaite. 1955. Die auswirkung der waldbaulichen Behandlung auf die holzeigenschaften der Fichte. Forstw. Cbl. (74):305-318.nPersson, A. 1975. Wood and pulp of Norway spruce and Scots pine at various spacings. Swe. Univ. Agr. Sci. Notes 37.nPetrini, S. 1921. Stamforms undersökningar. Medd. Statens Skogsförsöksanstalt (18):165-220.nPetterson, H. 1925. Sambandet mellan kronan och stamformen. Sv. Skogsvårdsfören tidskr. (13):37-79.nPetterson, H. 1927. Studier över stamformen. Medd. Statens Skogsförsöksanstalt (23):63-189.nPetterson, H. 1955. Barrskogens volymproduktion. Medd. Statens Skogsförsöksinstitut (45): 1-391.nRaven, P. H., R. F. Evert, and S. E. Eichhorn. 1992. Biology of plants, 5th ed. Worth Publishers, New York, NY.nRoberts, L. W., P. B. Gahan, and R. Aloni. 1988. Vascular differentiation and plant growth regulators. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo.nSavidge, R. A., and P. F. Wareing. 1981. Plant growth regulators and the differentiation of vacular elements. Pages 192-235 in J. R. Barnett, ed. Xylem cell development. Castle House Publications Ltd., London, UK.nSchniewind, A. P. 1962. Horizontal specific gravity variation in tree stems in relation to their support function. Forest Sci. 8(2): 111-118.nSchotte, G. 1912. Om gallringsförsök. Medd. Statens Skogsförsöksanstalt (9):211-269.nSchwendener, S. 1874. Das mechanische princip in anatomischen bau der monocotylen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.nSchultze-Dewitz, G. 1960. Wie wirkt der Einfluss der Stellung eines Baumes im Bestand auf seine Holzstruktur aus?. Holzforsch. Holzverwert. (12):30-33.nSpurr, S. H., and W. Y. Hsiung. 1954. Growth rate and specific gravity in conifers. J. Forestry 52(3):191-200.nTirén, 1928. Einige Untersuchungen über der Schaftform. Medd. Statens Skogsförsoksanstalt (24):81-152.nThimann, K. V., and F. W. Went. 1937. Phytohormones. The MacMillan Company, New York, NY.nThörnqvist, T. 1993. Juvenile wood in coniferous trees. Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden.nTrendelenburg, R., and H. Mayer-Wegelin. 1955. Das Holz als Rohstoff. Carl Hanser, Munich, Germany.nVorreiter, L. 1954. Stammform und holzeigenschaften der Bayernwald-Fichte. Holz. Roh- Werkst. (12):47-54.nWareing, P. F., C. E. Hanney, and J. Digby. 1964. The role of endogenous hormones in cambial activity and xylem differentiation. Pages 323-344 in M. H. Zimmermann, ed. The formation of wood in forest trees. Academic Press, New York, NY.nWiksten, Å. 1960. Beskrivning och analys av några fasta gallringsförsök i mellersta Norrland. Medd. Statens Skogsforskningsinstitut 49(6):1-56.nWilson, B. F. 1984. The growing tree. The University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA.nWoodzicki, T. J., and A. B. Woodzicki. 1973. Auxin stimulation of cambial activity in Pinus silvestris. II. Dependence upon basepetal transport. Physiol. Plant. (29):288-292.nZobel, B. J., and J. Van Buutenen. 1989. Wood variation: Its causes and control. Springer Verlag, Berlin, New York, Tokyo.n

Downloads

Published

2007-06-19

Issue

Section

Research Contributions