Morphological and Chemical Characteristics of the Warty Layer in Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa Ait.)
Keywords:
Pinus resinosa, warts, electron microscopy, chemical treatment, delignification, S3 layer, microfibrillar orientation, wart formationAbstract
Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) specimens were successively treated in the following manner: boiled in water for 2 hours, extracted with alcohol-benzene for 4 hours, extracted with 5% NaOH aqueous solution for 1 hour, and delignified with acidified sodium chlorite for 1 hour. The ultrastructure of the warty layer was studied after each sequence of treatment. It was found that the lumen surface of red pine tracheids was relatively free of encrustation. The microfibrils in the surface lamella of the S3 layer were deposited in a bundle form. Two types of warts were found in red pine tracheids. The first type of warts was localized thickenings of the S3 microfibrillar bundles, and the second type of warts was those situated at the end of microfibrillar bundles. Results of studying the effect of chemical treatments suggested that the encrustant lining the lumen wall was hemicellulose in nature and that the warts were made up of a combination of lignin and hemicelluloses. A possible mechanism of the formation of the last lamella of the S3 layer and the associated warts is also discussed.References
Baird, W. M., R. A. Parham, and M. A. Johnson. 1974a. Development and composition of the warty layer in balsam fir. I. Development. Wood Fiber 6(2):114-125.nBaird, W. M., M. A. Johnson, and R. A. Parham. 1974b. Development and composition of the warty layer in balsam fir. II. Composition. Wood Fiber 6(3):211-222.nCôté, W. A., Jr., and A. C. Day. 1962. Vestured pits—Fine structure and apparent relationship with warts. Tappi 45:906-910.nCôté, W. A., Jr., Z. Koran, and A. C. Day. 1964. Replica technique for electron microscopy of wood and paper. Tappi 47:477-484.nCôté, W. A., Jr., and A. C. Day. 1969. Wood ultrastructure of the southern yellow pines. Tech. Publ. No. 95, State University, College of Forestry at Syracuse University.nDunning, C. E. 1969. The structure of longleaf-pine latewood. I. Cell-wall morphology and the effect of alkaline extraction. Tappi 52:1326-1335.nLiese, W. 1963. Tertiary wall and warty layer in wood cells. J. Polymer Sci., Part C, No. 2, pp. 213-229.nMeier, H. 1964. General chemistry of cell walls and distribution of the chemical constituents across the walls. Pages 137-151 in M. H. Zimmermann, ed. The formation of wood in forest trees. Academic Press, NY.nOhtani, J., B. A. Meylan, and B. G. Butterfield. 1984. Vestures or warts—Proposed terminology. IAWA Bulletin 5(1):3-8.nScurfield, G., and S. Silva. 1969. The structure of reaction wood as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. Aust. J. Bot. 17:391-402.nWardrop, A. B., and G. W. Davies. 1962. Wart structure of gymnosperm tracheids. Nature (Lond.) 194:497-498.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
