Effect of Compression Wood on Leaching and Fixation of CCA-C Treated Red Pine
Keywords:
Compression wood, red pine, CCA, fixation, leachingAbstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of compression wood on the release rate of chromium, copper, and arsenic elements from red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and the rate of fixation of hexavalent chromium in the wood. Wood blocks from red pine, some containing compression wood and some with normal wood, were treated with a 1.0% CCA-C solution and then allowed to fix at 23°C ± 2 (74°F ± 4) for 0, 6, 24, 48, 96, 192, and 336 h. After each fixation period, sets of blocks removed from the conditioning room were subjected to 336 h of leaching. The percentage of hexavalent chromium reduced to the trivalent state was determined for solution pressed from matched sets of blocks. The blocks containing compression wood released significantly less chromium and copper elements. For chromium, the biggest effect was seen after the 192- and 336-h fixation periods. In the normal wood blocks fixed for 336 h, the average chromium release rate after 6 h of leaching was almost five times greater than that of the compression wood blocks. Copper and arsenic release was also affected by compression wood, but for these two elements, the effect diminished during the later stages of fixation. A higher percentage of hexavalent chromium was reduced to trivalent chromium in compression wood compared with that in normal wood after most fixation periods, and this difference was significant after 0, 48, 96, and 192 h.References
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1991. Annual book of ASTM standards, Section 11.01. Water and Environmental Technology. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA.nAmerican Wood Preservers' Association (AWPA). 1999a. Standard method A9-99. In Book of standards. AWPA, Granbury, TX.nAmerican Wood Preservers' Association (AWPA). 1999b. Standard method E11-97. In Book of standards. AWPA, Granbury, TX.nAmerican Wood Preservers' Association (AWPA). 1999c. Standard method P5-97. In Book of standards. AWPA, Granbury, TX.nBecker, G., and C. Buchmann. 1966. Comparative chemical tests on the leachability of preservative salts from different wood species. Holzforschung20:199-204.nButcher, J. A., and T. H. Nilsson. 1982. Influence of variable lignin content amongst hardwoods on soft-rot susceptibility and performance of CCA preservatives. IRG/WP/1151. International Research Group, Stockholm, Sweden.nCarpanter, M. W., and D. J. Gardner. 1993. Fixation/leaching of CCA in selected hardwood species at two temperatures. Pages 41-50 in J. Winandy and M. Barnes, eds. Chromium containing waterborne preservatives: Fixation and environmental issues. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI.nCooper, P. A. 1990. Leaching of CCA from treated wood. Proc. Can. Wood Preserv. Assoc.11:144-169.nCooper, P. A., and D. N. Roy. 1994. Interaction of wood-protecting anions with the wood cell wall. Wood Fiber Sci.26(3):323-332.nCooper, P. A., D. L. Alexander, and T. Ung. 1993. What is chemical fixation? Pages 7-13 in J. Winandy and M. Barnes, eds. Chromium-containing waterborne wood preservatives: Fixation and environmental issues. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI.nDahlgren, S. E. 1975. Kinetics and mechanism of fixation of Cu-Cr-As wood preservatives. Part V. Effect of wood species and preservative composition on the leaching during storage. Holzforschung29(3):84-95.nDavis, M. W. 1998. A rapid method for compositional carbohydrate analysis of lignocellulosics by high pH an-ion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC/PAD). J Wood Chem Technol18(2):235-252.nEnglund, K., and D. J. Gardner. 1993. A study of chromated copper arsenate preservative treatment in selected Appalachian hardwoods. Pages 36-41 in J. Winandy and M. Barnes, eds. Chromium containing waterborne preservatives: Fixation and environmental issues. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI.nFengel, D., and G. Wegener. 1984. Wood: Chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York. 613 pp.nForsyth, P. G., and J. J. Morrell. 1990. Hexavalent chromium reduction on CCA treated sawdust. Forest Prod. J.40(6):48-50.nGray, S. M. 1993. Chromated copper preservative systems—The performance of treated wood. Pages 14-22 in J. Winandy and M. Barnes, eds. Chromium containing waterborne preservatives: Fixation and environmental issues. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI.nGreaves, H. 1972. Structural distribution of chemical components in preservative-treated wood by energy dispersion X-ray analysis. Mater. Org.7(4):277-286.nGreaves, H. 1973. X-ray analysis of selected anatomical structures in copper/chrome/arsenic treated wood. IRG/WP/320. International Research Group, Stockholm, Sweden.nGreaves, H. 1974. The microdistribution of copper-chrome-arsenic in preservative treated sapwoods using X-ray microanalysis in scanning electron microscopy. Holzforschung28(6): 193-200.nHenshaw, B. 1979. Fixation of copper, chromium and arsenic in softwoods and hardwoods. Int. Biodeterior. Bull.15(3):66-73.nKennedy, M. J., and G. Palmer. 1994. Leaching of copper, chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated slash pine heartwood. IRG/WP 94-50020. International Research Group, Stockholm, Sweden.nLebow, S. 1996. Leaching of wood preservative components and their mobility in the environment. Summary of pertinent literature. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-93. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.nNicholson, J., and M. P. Levi. 1971. The fixation of CCA preservatives in spotted gum. Record British Wood Preservers' Ann. Conv. 77-90.nOstmeyer, J. G., T. Elder, D. M. Littrell, B. J. Tatar-chuk, and J. E. Winandy. 1988. Spectroscopic analysis of southern pine treated with chromated copper arsenate. I. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). J. Wood Chem. Technol.8(3):413-439.nPanshin, A. J., and C. De Zeeuw. 1980. Textbook of wood technology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. 720 pp.nPizzi, A. 1980. Wood waterproofing and lignin crosslink-ing by means of chromium trioxide/guaiacyl units complexes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.25:2547-2553.nPizzi, A. 1981. The chemistry and kinetic behavior of Cu-Cr-As/B wood preservatives. I. Fixation of chromium on wood. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.19:3093-3121.nPizzi, A. 1982. The chemistry and kinetic behavior of Cu-Cr-As/B wood preservatives. IV. Fixation of CCA to wood. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.20:739-764.nPizzi, A. 1990a. Chromium interactions in CCA/CCB wood preservatives. Part I. Interactions with wood carbohydrates. Holzforschung44:373-380.nPizzi, A. 1990b. Chromium interactions in CCA/CCB wood preservatives. Part II. Interactions with lignin. Holzforschung44:419-424.nPizzi, A., E. Orovan, M. Singmin, A. Jansen, and M. C. Vogel. 1984. Experimental variations in the distribution of CCA preservative in lignin and holocellulose as a function of treating conditions (temperature, concentration, pH, species, and time). Holzforsch. Holzverwert.36(4):67-77.nPizzi, A., W. E. Conradie, and M. Bariska. 1986. Poly-flavanoid tannins—From a cause of soft-rot failure to the "missing link" in lignin and microdistribution theories. IRG/WP/3359. International Research Group, Stockholm, Sweden.nTechnical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI). 1996. Tappi test methods. Fibrous materials and pulp testing. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA.nTimell, T. E. 1986. Compression wood in gymnosperms. vol. 1, 2, and 3. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, Tokyo. 2150 pp.nWilson, A. 1971. The effects of temperature, solution strength and timber species on the rate of fixation of a copper-chrome-arsenate wood preservative. J. Inst. Wood Sci.5(6):36-40.nYamamoto, K., and S. Matsuoka. 1989. Comparative studies on the species effects of wood preservatives. IRG/WP/3521. International Research Group, Stockholm, Sweden.nYamamoto, K., and M. Rokoba. 1991. Differences and their causes of CCA and CCB efficacy among some softwoods and hardwoods. IRG/WP/3656. International Research Group, Stockholm, Sweden.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
