Relationships Among Foliar Phenology, Radial Growth Rate, and Xylem Density in a Young Douglas-Fir Plantation
Keywords:
Phenology, foliage, xylem density, radial growth, second flushing, Douglas-fir, soil water, vegetation controlAbstract
We related intra-annual patterns in radial growth rate and xylem density to foliar phenology and second growth flushes in a young Douglas-fir plantation in western Washington. Three foliar maturity classes were defined: (1) shoots and needles elongating; (2) elongation complete, needles maturing; and (3) needles mature. Diameter growth rate had two peaks, one about the time of budbreak and one when foliage was in maturity Class 2. There was a limit to the maximum periodic density of xylem formed at a given rate of diameter growth; as growth rate increased, maximum periodic density decreased. Although xylem density profiles varied widely among individual trees, xylem density differed significantly among foliar maturity classes, increasing 16% from Class 1 to 2 and 60% from Class 2 to 3. Diameter growth rate of second-flushing trees was significantly greater in July compared with trees with no second flush, but we detected no relationships between second-flushing and xylem density patterns or false rings. Although the young trees in this study did not show distinct earlywood-latewood transitions, fully mature foliage (Class 3) was associated with formation of xylem exhibiting characteristics of latewood: greater density, reduced diameter growth rate, reduced tracheid radial diameter, and less interannual growth variation.References
Ares A, Terry TA, Harrington CA, Devine WD, Peter DH, Bailey JD (2007a) Biomass removal, soil compaction, and vegetation control effects on five-year growth of Douglas-fir in coastal Washington. Forest Sci 53:600-610.nAres A, Terry TA, Harrington CA, Devine WD, Peter DH, Bailey JD Piatek KB, Harrison RB, Miller RE, Flaming B, Licata C, Strahm B, Harrington CA, Meade R, Anderson HW, Brodie LC, Kraft JM (2007b) The Fall River long-term site productivity study in coastal Washington: Site characteristics, experimental design, and biomass, carbon and nitrogen stores before and after harvest. Gen Tech Rep PNW-GTR-691 USDA For Serv PNW Res Station, Portland, OR.nBailey JD, Harrington CA (2006) Temperature regulation of bud-burst phenology within and among years in a young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation in western Washington, USA. Tree Physiol 26:421-430.nBarbour RJ, Bergqvist G, Amundson C, Larsson B, Johnson JA (1997) New methods for evaluating intra-ring X-ray densitometry data: maximum derivative methods as compared to Mork's index. Pages 61-67 in SY Zhang, R Gosselin, G Chauret, eds. Timber management toward wood quality and end product value: Proc of the CTIA/ UFRO International Wood Quality Workshop, Quebec City, Canada.nBrix H (1972) Nitrogen fertilization and water effects on photosynthesis and earlywood-latewood production in Douglas-fir. Can J Res 2:467-478.nBrix H, Mitchell AK (1980) Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on xylem development in Douglas-fir. Can J Res 10:121-128.nCaruso JL, Smith RG, Smith LM, Cheng TY, Daves GD (1978) Determination of indole-3-acetic acid in Douglas-fir using a deuterated analog and selected ion monitoring. Plant Physiol 62:841-845.nCline MG, Harrington CA (2007) Apical dominance and apical control in multiple flushing of temperate woody species. Can J Res 37:74-83.nDevine WD, Harrington CA (2006) Effects of vegetation control and organic matter removal on soil water content in a young Douglas-fir plantation. Res Pap PNW-RP-568 USDA For Serv PNW Res Station, Portland, OR.nDeYoe DR, Zaerr JB (1976) Indole-3-acetic acid in Douglas-fir. Plant Physiol 58:299-303.nDodd RS, Fox P (1990) Kinetics of tracheid differentiation in Douglas-fir. Ann Bot 65:649-657.nDoley D, Leyton L (1968) Effects of growth regulating substances and water potential on the development of secondary xylem in Fraxinus. New Phytol 67: 579-594.nEmmingham WH (1977) Comparison of selected Douglas-fir seed sources for cambial and leader growth patterns in four western Oregon environments. Can J Res 7: 154-164.nErickson HD, Harrison AT (1974) Douglas-fir wood quality studies part I: Effects of age and stimulated growth on wood density and anatomy. Wood Sci Technol 8: 207-226.nFranklin JF, Dyrness CT (1988) Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. 452 pp.nGrotta AT, Gartner BL, Radosevich SR, Huso M (2005) Influence of red alder competition on cambial phenology and latewood formation in Douglas-fir. IAWA J 26:309-324.nJayawickrama KJS, McKeand SE, Jett JB, Wheeler EA (1997) Date of earlywood-latewood transition in provenances and families of loblolly pine, and its relationship to growth phenology and juvenile wood specific gravity. Can J Res 27:1245-1253.nKennedy RW (1961) Variation and periodicity of summer-wood in some second-growth Douglas-fir. TAPPI 44: 161-166.nKing JE (1966) Site index curves for Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest. Weyerhaeuser Forestry Paper no. 8. Weyerhaeuser Co. Forestry Research Center, Centralia, WA.nKoubaa A, Zhang SYT, Makni S (2002) Defining the transition from earlywood to latewood in black spruce based on intra-ring wood density profiles from X-ray densitometry. Ann Sci 59:511-518.nKramer PJ, Kozlowski TT (1979) Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press, New York, NY. 811 pp.nKraus JF, Spurr SH (1961) Relationship of soil moisture to the springwood-summerwood transition in southern Michigan red pine. J Forestry 59:510-511.nKrueger KW, Trappe, JM. (1967) Food reserves and seasonal growth of Douglas-fir seedlings. Forest Sci 13:192-202.nKruger KW (1967) Nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbohydrate in expanding and year-old Douglas-fir shoots. Forest Sci 13:352-356.nLarson PR (1960) A physiological consideration of the springwood summerwood transition in red pine. Forest Sci 6:110-122.nLarson PR (1962) The indirect effect of photoperiod on tracheid diameter in Pinus resinosa. Am J Bot 49:132-137.nLarson PR (1963) The indirect effect of drought on tracheid diameter in red pine. Forest Sci 9:52-62.nLarson PR (1969) Wood formation and the concept of wood quality. Yale University School of Forestry Bull 54. Yale University, New Haven, CT.nLarson PR (1994) The vascular cambium: Development and structure. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. 725 pp.nLarson PR, Kretschmann DE, Clark A, Isebrands JG (2001) Formation and properties of juvenile wood in southern pines: A synopsis. Gen Tech Rep FPL-GTR-129. USDA For Serv For Prod Lab, Madison, WI.nLavender DP, Hermann RK (1970) Regulation of the growth potential of Douglas-fir seedlings during dormancy. New Phytol 69:675-694.nLi P, Adams WT (1994) Genetic variation in cambial phenology of coastal Douglas-fir. Can J Res 24:1864-1870.nLjung K, Bhalerao RP, Sandberg G (2001) Sites and homeostatic control of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis during vegetative growth. Plant J 28:465-474.nMcKimmy MD (1959) Factors related to variation of specific gravity in young-growth Douglas-fir. State of Oregon For Prod Res Center, Corvallis, OR.nRenninger HJ, Gartner BL, Grotta AT (2006) No correlation between latewood formation and leader growth in Douglas-fir saplings. IAWA J 27:183-191.nReukema DL (1965) Seasonal progress of radial growth of Douglas-fir, western redcedar, and red alder. Res Pap PNW-26 USDA For Serv, Portland, OR.nRoberts SD, Harrington CA, Terry TA (2005) Harvest residue and competing vegetation affect soil moisture, soil temperature, N availability, and Douglas-fir seedling growth. Forest Ecol Manag 205:333-350.nRobertson EO, Jozsa LA, Spittlehouse DL (1990) Estimating Douglas-fir wood production from soil and climate data. Can J Res 20:357-364.nRoss SD (1972) The seasonal and diurnal source-sink relationships for photoassimilated 14C in the Douglas-fir branch. PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 99 pp.nSAS (2005) The SAS system for Windows. Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC.nSoil Survey Staff (1999) Official soil series descriptions. USDA Nat Res Conserv Serv. http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/osd/index.html'>http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/osd/index.htmlnSundberg B, Uggla C, Tuominen H (2000) Cambial growth and auxin gradients. Pages 169-188 in R Savidge, J Barnett, R Napier, eds. Cell and molecular biology of wood formation. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK.nUggla C, Magel E, Moritz T, Sundberg B (2001) Function and dynamics of auxin and carbohydrates during early-wood/latewood transition in Scots pine. Plant Physiol 125:2029-2039.nVargas-Hernandez J, Adams WT (1994) Genetic relationships between wood density components and cambial growth rhythm in young coastal Douglas-fir. Can J Res 24:1871-1876.nWebb WL (1977) Seasonal allocation of photoassimilated carbon in Douglas fir seedlings. Plant Physiol 60:320-322.nWorrall J (1971) Absence of ‘rest’ in the cambium of Douglas-fir. Can J Res 1:84-89.nZahner R (1962) Terminal growth and wood formation by juvenile loblolly pine under two soil moisture regimes. Forest Sci 8:345-352.nZobel BJ, van Buijtenen JP (1989) Wood variation: Its causes and control. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer, Berlin, Germany.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
