Use of Nanoindentation and Silviscan to Determine the Mechanical Properties of 10 Hardwood Species

Authors

  • Yan Wu
  • Siqun Wang
  • Dingguo Zhou
  • Cheng Xing
  • Yang Zhang

Keywords:

Elastic modulus, hardness, mechanical properties, microfibril angle, nanoindentation, SilviScan, wood density

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to investigate the properties of bulk wood and cell walls of 10 hardwoods, Alder Birch (Betula spp.), Asian White Birch (Betula platyphylla spp.), Manchurian Ash (Fraxinus mandshurica spp.), Mongolian Oak (Quercus spp.), Poplar (Populus spp.), Red Oak (Quercus spp), White Oak (Quercus spp.), Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa spp.), Keranji (Dialium spp.), and Kwila (Intsia spp.). The relationship between wood species and mechanical properties as well as the relativity of wood species and microfibril angle to the hardness and elastic modulus were investigated. It showed that lower density hardwoods had higher microfibril angle than higher density hardwoods. The elastic moduli of bulk wood and cell walls of wood were both significantly different, whereas the hardness of the cell wall was not significantly different among the 10 species. The SilviScan elastic modulus increased with wood density and decreased with microfibril angle. At the cell wall level, the elastic modulus and hardness obtained by nanoindentation were more related to the properties of natural libriform fibers. However, there was no significant trend found for the hardness of the cell wall as affected by either wood bulk density or microfibril angle.

References

Cave ID (1968) The anisotropic elasticity of the plant cell wall. Wood Sci Technol 24:268 - 278.nCave ID (1969) The longitudinal modulus of Pinus radiata. Wood Sci Technol 3:40 - 48.nCheng J, Yang J, Liu P (1992) Wood science records. China Forestry Publishing Company. Beijing. Pages 697 - 698 (in Chinese).nCheng Q, Wang S, Rials TG, Lee SH (2007) Physical and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol and polypropylene composite materials reinforced with fibrils isolated from regenerated cellulose fibers. Cellulose 14(6):593 - 602.nChudnoff M (1979) Tropical timbers of the world. USDA For Prod Lab, Madison, WI. 831 pp.nCown DJ, Herbert J, Ball RD (1999) Modelling Pinus radiate lumber characteristics. Part 1: Mechanical properties of small clears. N Z J Sci 29:203 - 213.nEvans R (1997) Rapid scanning of microfibril angle in increment cores by X-ray diffractometry. Pages 116 - 139 in BG Butterfield, ed. Microfibril angle in wood. Proc IAWA/IUFRO International Workshop on the Significance of Microfibril Angle to Wood Quality. University of Canterbury Press, Westport, New Zealand.nEvans R (1999) A variance approach to the X-ray diffractometric estimation of microfibril angle in wood. Appita J 51:53 - 57.nEvans R, Ilic J (2001) Rapid prediction of wood stiffness from microfibril angle and density. Forest Prod J 51(3):53 - 57.nFengel D, Stoll M (1973) Ũber die Veränderung des Zell-querschnitts, der Dicke der Zellwand und der Wandschichten von FichtenholzTracherden innerhalb eines Jahrrings. Holzforschung 27:1 - 7.nForest Products Laboratory (1999) Wood handbook—Wood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-113. USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. 463 pp.nGindl W, Schöberl T (2004) The significance of the elastic modulus of wood cell walls obtained from nanoindentation measurements. Compos Part A-Appl S 35:1345 - 1349.nGordon JE, Jeronimidis G (1980) Composites with high work of fracture. Phil Trans Res Soc London 294:545 - 550.nHarrington JJ, Booker R, Astley RJ (1998) Modelling the elastic properties of softwood. Part I: The cell-wall lamellae. Holz Roh Werkst 56:37 - 41.nHolmberg H (2000) Influence of grain angle on Brinell hardness of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Holz Roh Werkst 58:91 - 95.nJentzen CA (1964) The effect of stress applied during drying on some of the properties of individual pulp fibers. Tappi J 47:412 - 418.nJiang ZH, Yu Y, Fei BH, Ren HQ, Zhang TH (2004) Nanoindentation technique testing the longitudinal elastic modulus and hardness in tracheid secondary S2 layer. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 4(2):113 - 118 (in Chinese).nKeller A (2003) Compounding and mechanical properties of biodegradable hemp fiber composites. Comp Sci Technol 63(9):1307 - 1316.nKellogg RM, Wangaard FF (1969) Variation in the cellwall density of wood. Wood Fiber Sci 1(3):180 - 204.nKollman FFP, Côté WA (1968) Principles of wood science and technology, Vol I. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 592 pp.nLee S, Wang S, Pharr G, Kant M, Penumadu D (2007) Mechanical properties and creep behaviour of lyocell fibers by nanoindentation and nano-tensile testing. Holzforschung 61(3):254 - 260.nMeylan BA, Butterfield BG (1978) Helical orientation of the microfibril in tracheids, fibres and vessels. Wood Sci Technol 12:219 - 222.nMiyajima H (1963) Studies in the indentation hardness of wood. Res Bull For Hokkaido University 22(2):539 - 607.nMohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2001) Surface modifications of natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: An overview. Compos Interface 8(5):313 - 343.nNilsson T, Gustafsson PJ (2007) Influence of dislocations and plasticity on the tensile behaviour of flax and hemp fibres. Compos Part A-Appl S 38:1 - 30.nOliver WC, Pharr GM (1992) An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J Mater Res 7:1564 - 1583.nShibata M, Oyamada S, Kobayashi S, Yaginuma D (2004) Mechanical properties and biodegradability of green composites based on biodegradable polyesters and lyocell fabric. J Appl Polym Sci 92:3857 - 3863.nTze WT, Wang S, Rials TG, Pharr GM, Kelley SS (2007) Nanoindentation of wood cell wall: Continuous stiffness and hardness measurements. Compos Part A-Appl S 38:945 - 953.nWang S, Lee SH, Tze WT, Rials TG, Pharr GM (2006) Nanoindentation as a tool for understanding nano-mechanical properties of cell wall and biocomposites in International Conference on Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry, Marriott Marquis, Atlanta, GA. 7 pp.nXing C, Wang S, Pharr GM (2009) Nanoindentation of juvenile and mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) wood fibers as affected by thermomechanical refining pressure. Wood Sci Technol (accepted).nXing C, Wang S, Pharr GM, Groom L (2008) Wood fiber properties affected by thermomechanical refining steam pressure using nanoindentation. Holzforschung 62(2):230 - 236.nYin S (1996) Wood science. China Forestry Publishing Company, Beijing, China. 176 pp (in Chinese).nYlinen A (1943) Ũber den Einfluß der Rohwichte und des Spätholzanteils auf die Brinellhärte des Holzes. Holz Roh Werkst 6(4):125 - 127.nZini E, Baiardo M, Armelao L, Scandola M (2004) Biodegradable polyesters reinforced with surface-modified vegetable fibers. Macromol Biosci 4:286 - 295.n

Downloads

Published

2009-01-29

Issue

Number 1 / January 2009

Section

Research Contributions

License

The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:

1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.

2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.

3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.