The Relationship Of Extractive Content To Particle Size Distribution In Milled Yellow-Poplar (<i>Liriodendron Tulipifera</i> L.) Bark

Authors

  • Steven P. Ottone
  • R. C. Baldwin

Keywords:

Tulip-poplar, bark, anatomy, particle size, extractives, SEM, porosimetry

Abstract

A method of separating milled yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) bark into five sieve fractions containing representative inner and outer bark, cells, tissues, and fragments was developed. Anatomical composition of the fractions was examined by light microscopy. Each fraction was sequentially extracted with ether, ethanol-benzene, hot water, and cold water to investigate the relationship between the extractive content and the anatomical composition of the fraction. A statistically significant relationship was found between the amount of extractive and the particle size distribution of material in each fraction. Additionally, extractive content was found to be dependent not only on the absolute amount of bark retained but also on the relative amounts of inner and outer bark in each fraction. Total extractive content was found to increase with decreasing particle size. Examination of SEM micrographs following each stage in the extraction process revealed sequential changes to cell structure. The magnitude of the changes appeared to be closely related to the amount of extractive recovered in each fraction. Changes in porosity and void volume, as an indication of the removal of extractives by fraction, were investigated with a mercury porosimeter. Data indicated significant and sequential changes in porosity and void volume following extraction.

References

Chang, Y. P. 1954. Anatomy of common North American pulpwood barks. TAPPI Monograph Series No. 14, Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry.nCheadle, V. I., and K. Esau. 1964. Secondary phloem of Liriodendron tulipifera. Calif. Univ. Pubs. Bot. 36:143-252.nCurrier, R. A., and M. L. Layer. 1973. Utilization of bark waste. Environmental Protection Agency Rep. No. 670, p. 1.nEsau, K. 1965. Plant anatomy. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Pp 270-307.nFarber, E. 1959. Chemicals from bark. For. Prod. J. 9(4):25A-27A.nGoldstein, I. S. 1975. Potential for converting wood into plastics. Science 189(4206):847-852.nGregory, A. S., D. F. Root, and E. H. Guyi. 1962. Tree bark fiber and a process for its separation. U.S. Patent 3,245,869.nHarkin, T. M., and T. W. Rowe. 1971. Bark and its possible uses. Res. Note FPL 091, USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.nJensen, W., K. E. Fremer, P. Sierila, and V. Wartiovaara. 1963. The chemistry of bark. Pages 604-632, in B. L. Browning, ed. The chemistry of wood. Interscience Publ., New York.nKoch, C. B. 1971. Thickness and specific gravity of inner and outer bark of red oak and yellow-poplar. Wood Sci. 3(4):214-219.nKurth, E. F. 1949. The chemical composition of barks. Bul. No. 25 Northeastern Wood Utilization Council Inc. Pp. 19-41.nKurth, E. F., and J. E. Smith. 1954. The chemical nature of the lignin of Douglas-fir bark. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. 55(12):125-132.nMartin, R. E., and J. B. Crist. 1970. Elements of bark structure and terminology.nRoss, W. D. 1966. Bibliography of bark. Bibliographical Series 6. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Pp. 24-35.nRowe, T. W., H. Conner. 1979. Extractives in hardwoods—a review. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL 18, USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI.nShort, P. H., J. D. Wellons, and R. T. Lin. 1973. Segregating bark fractions electrically. For. Prod. J. 23(8):41-45.nStewart, C. M. 1960. Detoxication during secondary growth in plants. Nature 186:374-375.nTechnical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. 1959. Water solubility of wood. TAPPI Standard T1 os-59.nTechnical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. 1959. Ether solubility of wood. TAPPI Standard T5 m-59.nTechnical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. 1959. Alcohol-benzene solubility of wood. TAPPI Standard T6 os-59.nTyler Combustion Engineering Inc. 1973. Testing sieves and their uses. W. S. Tyler Inc.nVan Beckum, W. C., and R. W. Miller. 1960. Cork recovery. U.S. Patent 2,926,115.n

Downloads

Published

2007-06-27

Issue

Number 2 / April 1981

Section

Research Contributions

License

The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:

1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.

2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.

3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.