SORPTION AND SURFACE ENERGY PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY MODIFIED SPRUCE WOOD COMPONENTS
Keywords:
Thermally modified wood, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), inverse gas chromatography (IGC), Norway spruce, surface energy, acid-base propertiesAbstract
The objective of this work is to study the water vapor sorption and surface energy properties of thermally modified wood (TMW) components, ie wood processing residuals in the form of sawdust. The thermal modification was performed on spruce wood components using a steam-pressurized laboratoryscale reactor at two different temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) conditions, T . 150°C and RH . 100% (TMW150), and T . 180°C and RH . 46% (TMW180). A dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) technique was used to determine water vapor sorption isotherms of the samples for three adsorption-desorption cycles at varying RH between 0% and 95%. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to study the surface energy properties of the samples, including dispersive and polar characteristics. The DVS results showed that the EMC was reduced by 30-50% for the TMW samples compared with control samples of unmodified wood (UW) components. A lower reduction was, however, observed for the second and third adsorption cycles compared with that of the first cycle. Ratios between EMC of TMW and that of UW samples were lower for the TMW180 compared with the TMW150 samples, and an overall decrease in such EMC ratios was observed at higher RH for both TMW samples. The IGC results showed that the dispersive contribution to the surface energy was higher at lower surface coverages, ie representing the higher energy sites, for the TMW compared with theUWsamples. In addition, an analysis of the acid-base properties indicated a higher KB than KA number, ie a higher basic than acidic contribution to the surface energy, for all the samples. A higher KB number was also observed for theTMWcompared with theUWsamples, suggested to relate to the presence of ether bonds from increased lignin and/or extractives content at the surface. The KB was lower for TMW180 compared with TMW150, as a result of higher modification temperature of the first, leading to cleavage of these ether bonds.
References
Altgen M, Militz H (2016) Influence of process conditions on hygroscopicity and mechanical properties of European beech thermally modified in a high-pressure reactor system. Holzforschung 70(10):971-979.
Altgen D, Avramidis G, Viöl W, Mai C (2016a) The effect of air plasma treatment at atmospheric pressure on thermally modified wood surfaces. Wood Sci Technol 50:1227-1241.
Altgen M, Hoffmann T, Militz H (2016b) Wood moisture content during the thermal modification process affects the improvement in hygroscopicity of Scots pine sapwood. Wood Sci Technol 50:1181-1195.
Altgen M, Willems W, Militz H (2016c) Wood degradation affected by process conditions during thermal modification of European beech in a high-pressure reactor system. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 74(5):653-662.
Andrade PI, Araújo SdO, Neiva DM, Vital BR, Carneiro AdCO, Gominho J, Pereira H (2016) Strength properties and dimensional stability of particleboards with different proportions of thermally treated recycled pine particles. Holzforschung 70(5):467-474.
Borrega M, Kärenlampi PP (2008) Effect of relative humidity on thermal degradation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood. J Wood Sci 54:323-328.
Cordeiro N, Ornelas M, Ashori A, Sheshmani S, Norouzi H (2012) Investigation on the surface properties of chemically modified natural fibers using inverse gas chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 87:2367-2375.
de Meijer M, Haemers S, Cobben W, Militz H (2000) Surface energy determinations of wood: comparison of methods and wood species. Langmuir 16:9352-9359.
Dorris GM, Gray DG (1980) Adsorption of n-alkanes at zero surface coverage on cellulose paper and wood fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci 77(2):353-362.
Endo K, Obataya E, Zeniya N, Matsuo M (2016) Effect of heating humidity on the physical properties of hydrothermally treated spruce wood. Wood Sci Technol 50(6):1161-1179.
Engelund ET, Klamer M, Venås TM (2010) Acquisition of sorption isotherms for modified woods by the use of dynamic vapour sorption instrumentation. Principles and practice. The International Research Group on Wood Protection, Doc. No. IRG/WP 10-40518.
Engelund Thybring E, Thygesen, LG, Burgert I (2017) Hydroxyl accessibility in wood cell walls as affected by drying and re-wetting. Cellulose 24(6):2375-2384.
Engelund ET, Thygesen LG, Svensson S, Hill CAS (2013) A critical discussion of wood-water interactions. Wood Sci Technol 47(1):141-161.
Esteves BM, Pereira HM (2009) Wood modification by heat treatment: a review. Bioresources 4(1):370-404.
Fengel D, Wegener G (1984) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin. 613 pp.
Fowkes FM, Mostafa MA (1978) Acid-base interactions in polymer adsorption. Ind Eng Chem Prod RD 17(1):3-7.
Gérardin P, Petrič M, Petrissans M, Lambert J, Ehrhrardt JJ (2007) Evolution of wood surface free energy after heat treatment. Polym Degr Stabil 92:653-657.
Gutmann V (1978) The donor-acceptor approach to molecular interactions. Springer US, New York. 279 pp.
Hill CAS (2006) Wood modification: Chemical, thermal and other processes. Wiley, Chichester. 260 pp.
Hill CAS, Norton AJ, Newman G (2010) The water vapour sorption properties of Sitka spruce determined using a dynamic vapour sorption apparatus. Wood Sci Technol 44:497-514.
Hill CAS, Ramsay J, Keating B, Laine K, Rautkari L, Hughes M, Constant B (2012) The water vapour sorption properties of thermally modified and densified wood. J Mater Sci 47(7):3191-3197.
Himmel S, Mai C (2015) Effects of acetylation and formalization on the dynamic water vapor sorption behavior of wood. Holzforschung 69:633-643.
Hoffmeyer P, Jensen SK, Jones D, Klinke HB, Felby C (2003) Sorption properties of steam treated wood and plant fibres. Pages 177-189 in J van Acker and C Hill, eds Proc 1th European Conference on Wood Modification, 3-4 April 2003, Ghent, Belgium.
Kallbom S, Sedighi Moghaddam M, Walinder MEP (2018)
Liquid sorption, swelling, and surface energy properties of
unmodified and thermally modified Scots pine heartwood
after extraction. Holzforschung 72:169-258.
Kallbom S, Rautkari L, Walinder M, Johansson L-S,
Campbell JM, Segerholm K, Jones D, Laine K (2016)
Water vapour sorption characteristics and surface chemical
composition of thermally modified spruce (Picea abies
karst.). Int Wood Prod J 7(3):116-123.
Kallbom S, Walinder MEP, Segerholm BK, Jones D (2015)
Surface energy characterization of thermally modified
spruce using inverse gas chromatography under cyclic
humidity conditions. Wood Fiber Sci 47(4):410-420.
Kamdem DP, Bose SK, Luner P (1993) Inverse gas chromatography characterization of birch wood meal. Langmuir 9:3039-3044.
Kazaywoko M, Balatinecz JJ, Romansky M (1997) Thermodynamics of adsorption of n-alkanes on maleated wood fibers by inverse gas chromatography. J Colloid Interface Sci 190:408-415.
Klapiszewski Ł, Jamrozik A, Strzemiecka B, Matykiewicz D, Voelkel A, Jesionowski T (2017) Activation of magnesium lignosulfonate and kraft lignin: influence on the properties of phenolic resin-based composites for potential applications in abrasive materials. Int J Mol Sci 18:1224; doi:10.3390/ijms18061224.
Kutnar A, Kričej B, Pavlič M, Petrič M (2013) Influence of treatment temperature on wettability of Norway spruce thermally modified in vacuum. J Adhes Sci Technol 27(9):963-972.
Legras A, Kondor A, Alcock M, Heiztmann MT, Truss RW (2017) Inverse gas chromatography for natural fibre characterization: dispersive and acid-base distribution profiles of the surface energy. Cellulose 24:4691-4700.
Li J, Henriksson G, Gellerstedt G (2007) Lignin depolymerization/repolymerization and its crucial role for delignification of aspen wood by steam explosion. Bioresour Technol 98:3061-3068.
Lide DR. eds. (1995) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 76th edition. Page 6-138, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Liu FP, Rials TG, Simonsen J (1998) Relationship of wood surface energy to surface composition. Langmuir 14:536-541.
Majka J, Czajkowski Ł, Olek W (2016) Effects of cyclic changes in relative humidity on the sorption hysteresis of thermally modified spruce wood. Bioresources 11(2):5265-5275.
Medved S, Humar M, Ðalić M, Pohleve F (2012) Water and moisture resistance of particleboards made from thermally modified particles. Pages 353-358 in D Jones, H Militz, M Petrič, F Pohleven, M Humar and M Pavlič, eds Proc 6th European Conference on Wood Modification, 17-18 September 2012, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Militz H, Altgen M (2014) Processes and properties of thermally modified wood manufactured in Europe. Pages 269-285 in TP Schultz B Goodell and DD Nichols, eds. Detorioration and Protection of Sustainable Biomaterials, ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Mukhopadhyay P and Schreiber HP (1995) Aspect of acid-base interactions and use of inverse gas chromatography. Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 100:47-71.
Nuopponen M, Vuorinen T, Jämsä S, Viitaniemi P (2003) The effects of a heat treatment on the behavior of extractives in softwood studied by FTIR spectroscopic methods. Wood Sci Technol 37:109-115.
Nuopponen M, Vuorinen T, Jämsä S, Viitaniemi P (2004) Thermal modifications in softwood studied by FT-IR and UV resonance raman spectroscopies. J Wood Chem Technol 24(1):13-26.
Ormondroyd GA, Källbom SK, Curling SF, Stefanowski BK, Segerholm BK, Wålinder MEP, Jones D (2017) Water sorption, surface structure and surface energy characteristics of wood composite fibres refined at different pressures. Wood Mater Sci Eng 12(4):203-210.
Paul W, Ohlmeyer M, Leithodd H, Boonstra MJ, Pizzi A (2006) Optimising the properties of OSB by a one-step heat pre-treatment process. Holz Roh Werkst 64:227-234.
Peterlin S, Planinšek O, Moutinho I, Ferreira P, Dolenc D (2010) Inverse gas chromatography analysis of spruce fibers with different lignin content. Cellulose 17:1095-1102.
Pfriem A, Zauer M, Wagenführ A (2010) Alteration of the unsteady sorption behavior of maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) due to thermal modification. Holzforschung 64:235-241.
Riedl B, Matuana LM (2006) Inverse gas chromatography of fibers and polymers. Pages 3018-3031 in P Somasundaran, eds. Encycl Surf Colloid Sci. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, New York.
Runkel ROH (1954) Studien über die Sorption der Holzfaser. - Erste Mitteilung: Die Sorption der Holzfaser in morphologische-chemischer Betrachtung. Holz Roh- Werkst 12:226-232. In German.
Runkel ROH, Lüthgens M (1956) Untersuchungen über die Heterogenität der Wassersorption der chemischen und morphologischen Komponenten verholzter Zellwände. Holz Roh- Werkst 14:424-441. In German.
Saint Flour C, Papirer E (1982) Gas-solid chromatography: a method of measuring surface free energy characteristics of short glass fibers. 2. through retention volumes measured near zero surface coverage. Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 21:666-669.
Sansonetti E, Andersons B, Biziks V, Grinins J, Chirkova J (2013) Investigation of surface properties of hydrothermally modified soft deciduous wood. Int Wood Prod J 4(2):122-127.
Schultz J, Lavielle L, Martin C (1987) The role of the interface in carbon fibre epoxy composites. J Adhes 23(1):45-60.
Šernek M, Kamke FA, Glasser WG (2004) Comparative analysis of inactivated wood surface. Holzforschung 58:22-31.
Shen W, Sheng YJ, Parker IH (1999) Comparison of the surface energetics data of eucalypt fibers and some polymers obtained by contact angle and inverse gas chromatography methods. J Adhes Sci Technol 13(8):887-901.
Sivonen H, Maunu SL, Sundholm F, Jämsä S, Viitaniemi P (2002) Magnetic resonance studies of thermally modified wood. Holzforschung 56:648-654.
Thielmann F, Burnett DJ, Heng JYY (2007) Determination of the surface energy distributions of different processed lactose. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 33:1240-1253.
Tjeerdsma BF, Boonstra M, Pizzi A, Tekeley P, Militz H (1998) Characterisation of thermally modified wood: molecular reasons for wood performance improvement. Holz Roh- Werkst 56(3):149-153.
Tshabalala MA (1997) Determination of the acid-base characteristics of lignocellulosic surfaces by inverse gas chromatography. J Appl Polym Sci 65(5):1013-1020.
van Oss CJ, Good RJ, Chaudry MK (1988) Additive and nonadditive surface tension components and the interpretation of contact angles. Langmuir 4:884-891.
Weigl M, Schmidberger C, Müller U (2013) Water retention of wood particles – characterization of polarity and particle size. Eur J Wood Wood Prod 71:147-151.
Wålinder MEP, Gardner D (2000) Surface energetics of extracted and non-extracted spruce wood particles studies by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Wood Fiber Sci 32(4):478-488.
Wålinder MEP, Gardner D (2002) Acid-base characterization of wood and selected thermoplastics. J Adhes Sci Technol 16(12):1625-1649.
Willems W (2009) Novel economic large-scale production technology for high-quality thermally modified wood. Pages 31-35 in Proc 4th European Conference on Wood Modification, 27-29 April 2009, Stockholm, Sweden.
Willems W, Altgen M, Militz H (2015) Comparison of EMC and durability of heat treated wood from high versus low water vapour pressure reactor systems. Inter Wood Prod J 6:21-26.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
