How Overdrying Wood Reduces Its Bonding to Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesives: A Critical Review of the Literature. Part I. Physical Responses
Keywords:
Drying, inactivation, adhesive, bonding, review, extractives, mechanism, wettabilityAbstract
This review critically evaluates literature on the ways in which excessive drying (overdrying) inactivates wood surfaces to bonding, primarily for phenolic adhesives. In Part I of a two-part review, three inactivation mechanisms involving physical responses to overdrying are considered: (1) exudation of extractives to the surface, which lowers the wettability or hides the surface; (2) reorientation of wood surface molecules, which reduces wettability or places for bonding; and (3) irreversible closure of large micropores in cell walls. I believe that extensive evidence from wood bonding and paper sizing research supports the mechanism of extractives-induced low wettability as the cause for inactivation of Douglas-fir and southern pines. Molecular reorientation and irreversible micropore closure are proposed wood inactivation mechanisms that involve loss of wettability and bonding sites.References
Anonymous. 1988. Booming panel industry shatters output record. Forest Ind. 115(4):18-19.nAtherton, G. H., and J. R. Welty. 1972. Drying rates of veneer in superheated steam at temperatures to 800°F. Wood Sci. 4(4):209-218.nBogue, R., D. Gamet, and H. P. Schreiber. 1986. Chain conformation and surface characteristics of polymers. J. Adhes. 20(1):15-28.nBohlen, J. C. 1972. Shear strength of high-temperature heat-treated lumber laminated with phenol-resorcinol adhesives. Forest Prod. J. 22(12):17-24.nBriggs, D., D. G. Range, C. R. Kendall, and A. R. Blythe. 1980. Surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by electrical discharge treatment. Polymer 21(8):895-900.nCasilla, R. C., S. Chow, and P. R. Steiner. 1981. An immersion technique for studying wood wettability. Wood Sci. Technol. 15:31-43.nCasilla, R. C., S. Chow, P. R. Steiner., and S. R. Warren. 1984. Wettability of four Asian meranti species. Wood Sci. Technol. 18:87-96.nChow, S. 1975. Minimizing wood surface inactivation at high temperatures by boron compounds. Forest Prod. J. 25(5):41-48.nChow, S.-Z. 1971. Infrared spectral characteristics and surface inactivation of wood at high temperatures. Wood Sci. Technol. 5(1):27-39.nCurrier, R. A. 1958. High drying temperatures-Do they harm veneer? Forest Prod. J. 8(4):128-136.nDavison, R. W. 1975. The sizing of paper. Tappi 58(3):48-57.nDe Bruyne, N. A. 1939. The nature of adhesion. Flight 18 (12, Supplement): 534a-534d (28 December).nDouglas Fir Plywood Association. 1960. Exterior gluing of western larch. Laboratory Report 83. Douglas Fir Plywood Association, Tacoma, WA. 17 pp.nEckelman, C. A., D. L. Cassens, and H. N. Rosen. 1986. Evaluation of the gluability of pressure steam-dried wood. Forest Prod. J. 36(3):61-66.nErb, C. 1965. Effect of overdrying on the gluability of softwood veneer. Laboratory Report 103. American Plywood Association, Tacoma, WA. 13 pp.nErb, C. 1975. Dryers and veneer drying. Douglas Fir Plywood Association Technical Association Report 112, Part I. American Plywood Association, Tacoma, WA. 13 pp.nEverhart, D. S., and C. N. Reilley. 1981. The effects of functional group mobility on quantitative ESCA of plasma modified polymer surfaces. Surf. Interface Anal. 3(3):126-133.nFahmy, Y., and F. Mobarak. 1972. Reactivity of biological cellulose and properties of some of its derivatives. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 6(1):61-65.nGagnon, D. R., and T. J. McCarthy. 1984. Polymer surface reconstruction by diffusion of organic functional groups from and to the surface. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 29:4335-4340.nGray, V. R. 1962. The wettability of wood. Forest Prod. J. 12(9):452-461.nHancock, W. V. 1963. Effect of heat treatment on the surface of veneer. Forest Prod. J. 13(2):81-88.nHancock, W. V. 1964. The influence of native fatty acids on the formation of glue bonds with heat-treated wood. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 176 pp.nHaskell, H. H., W. M. Bair, and W. Donaldson. 1966. Progress and problems in the southern pine plywood industry. Forest Prod. J. 16(4):19-24.nHatakeyama, H., T. Hatakeyama, and J. Nakano. 1976. The effect of hydrogen-bond formation on the structure of amorphous cellulose. App. Polym. Symp. 28:743-750.nHemingway, R. W. 1969. Thermal instability of fats relative to surface wettability of yellow birch-wood (Betula lutea). Tappi 52(11):2149-2155.nHiggins, H. G., and A. W. McKenzie. 1963. The structure and properties of paper. XIV. Effects of drying on cellulose fibres and the problem of maintaining pulp strength. Appita 16(6):145-164.nHorn, R. A. 1975. What are the effects of recycling on fiber and paper properties? Paper Trade J. 159(7/8):78-82.nHse, C.-Y., and M.-L. Kuo. 1988. Influence of extractives on wood gluing and finishing-A review. Forest Prod. J. 38(1):52-56.nHuff, R. R., Inventor. Monsanto Company, assignee. 1973. Wood treating process. U.S. patent 3 713 943. January 30. 5 pp.nIngram, P., D. K. Woods, A. Peterlin, and J. L. Williams. 1974. Never-dried cotton fibers. Part I: Morphology and transport properties. Text. Res. J. 44(2):96-106.nIsaacs, C. P., and E. T. Choong. 1969. Effect of temperature during drying on surface properties of southern pine veneer. LSU Wood Utilization Notes, No. 15. Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA. 5 pp.nKadlec, K. M. 1980. Wetting as a predictor of surface inactivation for platen dried Douglas-fir veneer. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 64 pp.nKaufert, F. H. 1943. Report 1351. Preliminary experiments to improve the gluing characteristics of refractory plywood surfaces by sanding. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. 9 pp.nKelley, S. S., T. G. Rials, and W. G. Glasser. 1987. Relaxation behavior of the amorphous components of wood. J. Mater. Sci. 22:617-624.nKoch, P. 1964. Techniques for drying thick southern pine veneer. Forest Prod. J. 14(9):382-386.nKoch, P. 1972. Utilization of the southern pines, vol. 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Washington, DC. Pp. 1180.nKozlik, C. J. 1974. Effect of temperature, time, and drying medium on the strength and gluability of Douglas-fir and southern pine veneer. Forest Prod. J. 24(2):46-53.nLaity, W. W. 1970. Heat and mass transfer rates associated with the drying of southern pine and Douglas fir veneer in air and in steam at various temperatures and angles of impingement. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 128 pp.nLambuth, A. L. 1980. Bonding tropical hardwoods with phenolic adhesives. In Procesamiento de maderas tropicales de alta densidad: International Union of Forestry Research Organizations; 1977 October 2-9; Merida, Venezuela. Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales, Merida, Venezuela. 14 pp.nLavielle, L., and J. Schultz. 1985. Surface properties of graft polyethylene in contact with water. I. Orientation phenomena. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 106(2):438-445.nMilligan, F. H., and R. D. Davies. 1963. High speed drying of western softwoods for exterior plywood. Forest Prod. J. 13(1):23-29.nNearn, W. T. 1974. Application of the ultrastructure concept in industrial wood products research. Wood Sci. 6(3):285-293.nNguyen, T., and W. E. Johns. 1979. The effect of aging and extraction on the surface free energy of Douglas fir and redwood. Wood Sci. Technol. 13:29-40.nNorthcott, P. L. 1957. The effect of dryer temperatures upon the gluing properties of Douglas-fir veneer. Forest Prod. J. 7(1):10-16.nNorthcott, P. L., H. G. M. Colbeck, W. V. Hancock, and K. C. Shen. 1959. Undercure… casehardening in plywood. Forest Prod. J. 9(12):442-451.nNorthcott, P. L., W. V. Hancock, and H. G. M. Colbeck. 1962. Water relations in phenolic (plywood) bonds. Forest Prod. J. 12(10):478-486.nSandoe, M. D. 1980. Gluability of platen-dried Douglas-fir veneer. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 96 pp.nSandoe, M. D., J. D. Wellons, R. J. Parker, and R. Jokerst. 1983. Gluability of platen-dried veneer of Douglas-fir. Forest Prod. J. 33(7/8):57-62.nSellers, T., Jr. 1977. A plywood review and its chemical implications. Pages 270-282 in I. S. Goldstein, ed. Wood technology: Chemical aspects. Amer. Chem. Society, Washington, DC.nSellers, T., Jr. 1985. Plywood and adhesives technology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Pp. 401, 508.nSinclair, G. D., R. S. Evans, and H. R. Sallans. 1960. New methods for sizing fibrous products. Pulp Pap. Mag. Can. 62(1):T23-T27.nSingleton, W. S. 1960. Properties of the liquid state. Page 514 in K. S. Markley, ed. Fatty acids. Part 1, 2nd ed. Interscience Publishers, New York.nSisterhenm, G. H. 1961. Evaluation of an oil-fired veneer dryer… its effect on glue bond quality. Forest Prod. J. 11(5):207-211.nStone, J. E., and A. M. Scallan. 1965. A study of the cell wall by nitrogen absorption. Pulp Pap. Mag. Can. 60(8):T407-T414.nStone, J. E., and A. M. Scallan. 1966. Influence of drying on the pore structures of the cell wall. Pages 145-166 in F. Bolan, ed. Consolidation of the paper web. Technical section of the British Paper and Board Makers' Association. Cambridge, UK, September 1965. London.nStumbo, D. A. 1964. Influence of surface aging prior to gluing on bond strength of Douglas-fir and redwood. Forest Prod. J. 14(12):582-589.nSuchsland, O., and Stevens, R. R. 1968. Gluability of southern pine veneer dried at high temperatures. Forest Prod. J. 18(1):38-42.nSwanson, J. W., and S. Cordingly. 1959. Surface chemical studies on pitch. II. The mechanisms of the loss of absorbency and development of self-sizing in papers made from wood pulps. Tappi 42(10):812-819.nSwanson, J. W., R. W. Kumler, and R. E. Mispley. 1971. The process of sizing. Pages 54-96 in J. W. Swanson, ed. Internal sizing of paper and paperboard. TAPPI monograph series no. 33. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York.nSwanson, R. E. 1978. Mechanism of cellulose sizing produced by vapor phase deposition. Tappi 61(7):77-80.nTakeyama, S., and D. G. Gray. 1982. An ESCA study of the chemisorption of stearic acid vapour on cellulose. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 16:133-142.nTroughton, G. E., and S.-Z. Chow. 1971. Migration of fatty acids to white spruce veneer surface during drying: Relevance to theories of inactivation. Wood Sci. 3(3):129-133.nTsutsumoto, T., and S. Sato. 1965. Studies on the drying characteristics of veneer (II). On the effect of drying temperatures on the properties of dried veneer. Ringyo Shikenjo Kenkyu Jiho, or Bull. Govt. Forest Exp. Sta. (Japan) 173:155-165.nU.S. Department of Agriculture. 1953. Chemical treatment of surfaces improves joints with certain woods and glues. Tech. Note FPL-232. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. 4 pp.nWalters, E. O. 1973. The effects of green veneer water content, dryer schedules, and wettability on gluing results for southern pine veneer. Forest Prod. J. 23(6):46-53.nWellons, J. D. 1980. Wettability and gluability of Douglas-fir veneer. Forest Prod. J. 30(7):53-55.nYasuda, H., A. K. Sharma, and T. Yasuda. 1981. Effect of orientation and mobility of polymer molecules at surfaces on contact angle and its hysteresis. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 19: 1285-1291.nYiannos, P. N. 1960. Molecular reorientation of some fatty acids when in contact with water. Ph.D. thesis, Lawrence College, Appleton, WI. 115 pp.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
