Sheathing Nail Bending-Yield Stress: Effect on Cyclic Performance of Wood Shear Walls
Keywords:
Wood, nails, bending-yield stress, cyclic tests, shear walls, models, CASHEWAbstract
This study investigated the effects of sheathing nail bending-yield stress (fyb) on connection properties and shear wall performance under cyclic loading. Four sets of nails were specially manufactured with average fyb of 87, 115, 145, and 241 ksi. Nail bending-yield stress and the hysteretic behavior of single-nail lateral connections were determined. The parameters of the lateral nail tests were used in a numerical model to predict shear wall performance and hysteretic parameters. The competency of the numerical model was assessed by full-scale cyclic tests of shear walls framed with Douglas-fir lumber and sheathed with oriented strandboard (OSB). The parameters of the shear wall model were used in another program to predict shear wall performance for a suite of seismic ground motions. The single-nail connection tests and wall model computations suggested that increased fyb of the sheathing nails should lead to improved wall stiffness and capacity. In both single-nail lateral connection and shear wall tests, the probability of nonductile failure modes increased as fyb increased. The peak capacity of the walls increased as fyb of the sheathing nails increased up to 145 ksi, but wall initial stiffness, displacement at peak capacity, and energy dissipation were not significantly affected by fyb. Sheathing nail fyb greater than 145 ksi did not enhance the overall cyclic behavior of wood shear walls.References
American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA). 2005. National design specification® for wood construction. American Forest and Paper Association. Washington, D.C. 174 pp.nAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D4444-92). 2005a. Standard test methods for use and calibration of hand-held moisture meters. Annual book of ASTM standards. Vol. 04.10. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.nAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D5764-97a). 2005b. Standard test method for evaluating dowelbearing strength of wood and woodbase products. Annual book of ASTM standards. Vol., 04.10. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.nAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM E2126-01). 2002. Standard methods for cyclic (reversed) load test for shear resistance of framed walls for buildings. Annual book of ASTM standards. Vol. 04.12. American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.nAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM F1575). 2003. Standard test method for determining bending yield moment of nails. Annual book of ASTM standards. Vol. 01.08. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.nAnderson, E. N. 2005. The effects of nail bending-yield stress and biological deterioration on the cyclic performance of shear walls. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 161 pp.nAune, P., and M. Patton-Mallory. 1986a. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Experimental verification. Research Paper FPL-RP-470. USDA Forest Serv., Forest Prod. Lab., Madison, WI. 29 pp.nAune, P., and M. Patton-Mallory. 1986b. Lateral load-bearing capacity of nailed joints based on the yield theory: Theoretical development. Research Paper FPL-RP-471. USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod. Lab., Madison, WI. 20 pp.nCheung, K. C. K., R. Y. Itani, and A. Polensek. 1988. Characteristics of wood diaphragms: Experimental and parametric studies. Wood Fiber Sci. 20(4):438-456.nChui, Y. H., C. Ni, and L. Jaing. 1998. Finite-element model for nailed wood joints under reversed cyclic load. J. Struct. Eng. 124:96-103.nDolan, J. D., and R. O. Foschi. 1991. Structural analysis model for static loads on timber shear walls. J. Struct. Eng. 117:851-861.nDolan, J. D., and B. Madsen. 1992a. Monotonic and cyclic nail connection tests. Can. J. Civil Eng. 19:97-104.nDolan, J. D., and B. Madsen. 1992b. Monotonic and cyclic tests of timber shear walls. Can. J. Civil Eng. 19:415-422.nElkins, L., and J. H. Kim. 2003a. Introduction to SASHFIT. User's manual, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 16 pp.nElkins, L., and J. H. Kim. 2003b. Introduction to SASH1. User's manual, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 12 pp.nFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 2000. NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA-273. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.nFiliatrault, A. 1990. Static and dynamic analysis of timber shear walls. Can. J. Civil Eng. 17:643-651.nFoliente G. C. 1995. Hysteresis modeling of wood joints and structural systems. J. Struct. Eng. 121:1013-1022.nFolz, B., and A. Filiatrault. 2000. CASHEW—Version 1.0: A computer program for cyclic analysis of wood shear walls. CUREE Publication W-08, Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering, Richmond, CA. 70 pp.nFolz, B., and A. Filiatrault. 2001. Cyclic analysis of wood shear walls. J. Struct. Eng. 127:433-441.nFonseca, F. S., R. Sterling, and S. Campbell. 2002. CUREE-Caltech Woodframe Project, Task 1.4.8.1-Nail, wood, screw and staple fastener connections. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.nFoschi, R. O. 1974. Load-slip characteristics of nails. Wood Sci. 7(1):69-74.nFoschi, R. O., and T. Bonac. 1977. Load-slip characteristics for connections with common nails. Wood Sci. 9(3):118-123.nGupta, A. K., and G. P. Kuo. 1985. Behavior of wood-framed shear walls. J. Struct. Eng. 111(8):1722-1733.nHe, M., F. Lam, and H. G. L. Prion. 1998. Influence of cyclic test protocols on performance of wood-based shear walls. Can. J. Civil Eng. 25(3):539-550.nHunt, R. D., and A. H. Bryant. 1990. Laterally loaded nail joints in wood. J. Struct. Eng. 116(1):111-123.nICC. 2006. International building code. International Code Council, Country Club Hills, IL.nItani, R. Y., and C. K. Cheung. 1984. Nonlinear analysis of sheathed wood diaphragms. J. Struct. Eng. 110(9):2137-2147.nItani, R. Y., and K. J. Fridley. 1999. Seismic response of light-frame wood buildings. Pages 111-116 in Proc. Invitational Workshop on Seismic Testing, Analysis and Design of Woodframe Construction, Los Angeles, CA.nJohansen, K. W. 1949. Theory of timber connections. Publ. 9. Bern: International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering. Zurich, Switzerland.nJones, S. N., and F. S. Fonseca. 2002. Capacity of oriented strand board shear walls with overdriven sheathing nails. J. Struct. Eng. 28(7):898-907.nKalkert, R. E., and J. D. Dolan. 1997. Behavior of 8-D nailed stud-to-sheathing connections. Forest Prod. J. 47(6):95-102nKasal, B., and R. J. Leichti. 1992. Nonlinear finite-element model for light-frame stud walls. J. Struct. Eng. 118(11): 3122-3135.nKasal, B., R. J. Leichti., and R. Y. Itani. 1994. Nonlinear finiteelement model of complete light-frame wood structures. J. Struct. Eng. 120(1):100-119.nKent, S. M. 2004. The effect of biological deterioration on the performance of nailed oriented strand board sheathing to Douglas-fir framing member connections. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 189 pp.nKrawinkler, H., F. Parisi, L. Ibarra, A. Ayoub, and R. Medina. 2000. Development of a testing protocol for wood frame structures. CUREE Publication W-02, Richmond, CA.nLam, F., H. G. L. Prion, and M. He. 1997. Lateral resistance of wood shear walls with large sheathing panels. J. Struct. Eng. 123(12):1666-1673.nLanglois, J. D. 2002. Effects of reference displacement and damage accumulation in wood shear walls subjected to the CUREE protocol. M. S. thesis, Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR. 109 pp.nLanglois, J. D., R. Gupta, and T. H. Miller. 2004. Effects of reference displacement and damage accumulation in wood shear walls. J. Struct. Eng. 130:470-479.nLarsen, H. J. 1973. The yield load of bolted and nailed joints. Proc, International Union on Forestry Research Organizations Working Group on Structural Utilization; September/October. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa; [n.d.].nLattin, P. D. 2002. Fully reversed cyclic loading of wood shearwalls fastened with super sheather nails. M.S. thesis, Brigham Young University. Provo, UT. 198 pp.nMcCutcheon, W. J. 1985. Racking deformations in wood shear walls. J. Struct. Eng. 111:257-269.nMoller, T. 1950. En ny method for berakning av spikforband: New method of estimating the bearing strength of nailed wood connections (in Swedish, with English translation). No. 117. Chalmers Tekniska Hogskolas Handlingar. Gothenburg, Sweden.nNi, C., and Y. H. Chui. 1996. Predicting the response of timber joints under reversed cyclic load. Pages 98-104 in Proc. Int. Wood Engineering Conf., Vol. 2, New Orleans, LA.nPolensek, A. 1976. Finite-element analysis of wood stud walls. J. Struct. Div. 102(7):1317-1335.nPolensek, A., and B. D. Schimel. 1985. Analysis of nonlinear connection systems in wood dwellings. J. Computing Civil Eng. 2:365-379.nRose, J. 1999. Seismic testing needs for wood shearwalls and diaphragms. Pages 103-109 in Proc. Invitational Workshop Construction. Pub. W-01, California Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering, Richmond, CA.nRosowsky, D. V., and J. H. Kim. 2002. Reliability studies. Pub. W-10, Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering, Richmond, CA.nSalenikovich, A. J., and J. D. Dolan. 2003. The racking performance of shear walls with various aspect ratios. Part 2. Cyclic tests of fully anchored walls. Forest Prod. J. 53(11/12):37-45.nShenton, H. W., D. W. Dinehart, and T. E. Elliott. 1998. Stiffness and energy degradation of wood frame shear walls. Can. J. Civil Eng. 25:412-423.nWhite, M. W., and J. D. Dolan. 1995. Non-linear shearwall analysis. J. Struct. Eng. 121:1629-1635.nWilson, T. R. C. 1917. Tests made to determine lateral resistance of wire nails. Eng. Records 75:303-304.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
