Analysis of Cutting Forces in Straight-Knife Peripheral Cutting of Wood
Keywords:
Cutting forces, peripheral cutting, up-milling, sugar mapleAbstract
Effects of rake angle, wavelength, and depth of cut on cutting forces during straight-knife peripheral milling of sugar maple were determined. Progressions of normal (FN) and parallel (FP) force components during a typical up-milling cycle were determined. Results showed that at the initial step of the cut, FN was negative, ie the knife edge pushed the workpiece downward. The part of the knife path that remained visible on the machined surface was always created in such a situation. As the knife edge advanced in the cutting path, FN increased, reached a maximum negative value, then decreased to 0 N/mm, turned positive, and continued upward. FP was always positive and increased as chip thickness increased. Positive FN and FP reached a maximum just prior to emergence of the knife from the workpiece at about the maximum thickness position. However, when chip splitting occurred, the maximum positive FN and FP occurred before that maximum thickness position was reached. Maximum negative FN and FP increased as rake angle decreased and as wavelength increased. Maximum positive FN increased as rake angle and wavelength increased. Maximum positive FN and FP were also affected by depth of cut but to a lesser degree. Impact of these maximum cutting forces on production of defects was analyzed, and ways to decrease them were discussed.References
Axelsson BOM, Lundberg Å S, Grönlund JA (1993) Studies of the main cutting force at and near a cutting edge. Holz Roh Werkst 51(1):43-48.nde Moura LF, Hernández RE (2006) Evaluation of varnish coating performance for three surfacing methods on sugar maple wood. Forest Prod J 56(11/12):130-136.nHernández RE, Naderi N (2001) Effect of knife jointing on the gluing properties of wood. Wood Fiber Sci 33(2): 292-301.nHernández RE, de Moura LF (2002) Effects of knife jointing and wear on the planed surface quality of northern red oak wood. Wood Fiber Sci 34(4):540-552.nHernández RE, Rojas G (2002) Effects of knife jointing and wear on the planed surface quality of sugar maple wood. Wood Fiber Sci 34(2):293-305.nHoadley RB (2000) Understanding wood. A craftsman's guide to wood technology. The Taunton Press, Newtown, CT. 280 pp.nISO (1996) 11562. Geometrical product specifications (GPS)—Surface texture: Profile method—Metrological characteristics of phase correct filters. International Standards Organization. British Standards Institute, London, UK.nISO (1997) 4287. Geometrical product specifications (GPS). Surface texture. Profile method. Terms. Definitions and surface texture parameters. International Standards Organization. British Standards Institute, London, UK.nKoch P (1985) Chapter 18 Machining. Pages 1688-2281 in Utilization of hardwoods growing on southern pine sites. Volume II. Processing. Agric Handb 605. USDA For Serv Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI.nMartellotti ME (1941) An analysis of the milling process. Transactions Am Soc Mech Engineers 63:677-700.nPalmqvist J (2003) Parallel and normal cutting forces in peripheral milling of wood. Holz Roh Werkst 61(6):409-415.nPalmqvist J, Johansson G (1999) Cutting forces in peripheral milling of wood. Pages 751-760 in Proc 14th International Wood Machining Seminar, Paris, Epinal, Cluny, France.nRiver BH, Miniutti VP (1975) Surface damage before gluing weak joints. Wood Wood Prod 80(7):35-36, 38.nStewart HA (1969) Effect of cutting direction with respect to grain angle on the quality of machined surface, tool force components, and cutting friction coefficient. Forest Prod J 19(3):43-46.nStewart HA (1980) Some surfacing defects and problems related to wood moisture content. Wood Fiber Sci 12(3): 175-182.nStewart HA, Crist JB (1982) SEM examination of subsurface damage of wood after abrasive and knife planing. Wood Sci 14(3):106-109.nWoodson GE, Koch P (1970) Tool forces and chip formation in orthogonal cutting of loblolly pine. Res Pap SO-52 USDA For Serv Southern Forest Experiment Station. 29 pp.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
