Scanning Electron Microscopy: A Review and Report of Research in Wood Science
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy is discussed in light of its principles, advantages, and applications. Comparisons of this system are made with the light microscopic and transmission electron systems. A cross section of pertinent literature on the scanning electron microscope, its development and use, has been integrated into the initial sections to provide a reference base for this general field. A detailed literature view on the use of this system in the field of wood science has also been included.
The result of the author's research on wood through use of the scanning electron microscope is reported. Effect of techniques used to prepare specimens for viewing by this method and the effect of the environment inside the microscope itself were determined. A means for preserving original green structure of wood was determined by studying the bordered pit structure in redwood. Finally, 3/8-inch plywood was used in exploring means for improving image contrast at the wood-adhesive interface. Use of much reduced incident electron-beam voltage on uncoated specimens showed promise as a means of studying distribution patterns in wood containing materials of different conductivity.
References
Ardenne, M. Von. 1938. Das electronen raster-mikroskop: Theoretische grundlagen. Zeit-schrift fur Physik, 109(9 & 10): 553-572.nAtack, D., and K. C. A. Smith. 1956. The scanning electron microscope, a new tool in fibre technology. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, 57(3): T245-T251.nBuchanan, J. G., and K. C. A. Smith. 1960. Preliminary studies of damage in papermaking wood using the scanning microscope. Proc. European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy. (A. L. Houwink and B. J. Spit, eds.) v. 1, p. 547-550. Delft.nBuchanan, J. G. and O. V. Washburn. 1962. The surface and tensile fractures of chemical fibre handsheets as observed with the scanning electron microscope. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, 63(10): T485-T493.nBuchanan, J. G. and O. V. Washburn. 1964. The surface and tensile fractures of groundwood handsheets as observed with the scanning electron microscope. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, 65(2): T52-T60.nBuchanan, J. G. and R. A. Lindsay. 1962. A note on structure of paper as revealed by the scanning electron microscope. The formation and structure of paper. Transactions of the Symposium, Technical Section of the British Paper and Board Makers' Association. Oxford. (Francis Bolam, ed.) v. 1, p. 101-108.nCôté, W. A., Jr., Z. Koran, and A. C. Day. 1964. Replica techniques for electron microscopy of wood and paper. TAPPI, 47(8): 477-484.nCowley, J. M., and A. Strojnik. 1969. Design and application of a high voltage transmission scanning electron microscope. Proc., 27th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux, ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 106-107.nCrew, A. V. 1969. Closing the gap—A 5 Å scanning microscope. Proc. 27th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux, ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 6-7.nCrew, A. V. J. Wall, and L. M. Welter. 1968. A high resolution scanning microscope. Proc. 26th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 356-357.nCrosslett, V. E. 1966. Scanning microscopy with electrons and X-rays, p. 11-12. In R. Uyeda [ed.], Electron microscopy, v. 2. Maruzen Co., Ltd., Tokyo.nCrosslett, V. E. and P. Duncumb. 1957. A scanning microscope with either electron or X-ray recording. Electron microscopy. Proc. of the Stockholm Conf. (F. S. Sjostrand and J. Rhodin, eds.). Academic Press, New York, p. 12-14.nEchlin, P. 1968. The use of the scanning reflection microscope in the study of plant and microbial material. J. Roy. Microscopical Soc., 88(3): 407-418.nEichen, E., D. R. Fitchmun, and L. R. Sefton. 1969. Interpretation of micrographs from a scanning electron microscope. Proc., 27th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 22-23.nEverhart, T. E. 1958. Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Cambridge (England).nEverhart, T. E., K. C. A. Smith, O. C. Wells, and C. W. Oatley. 1960. Recent developments in scanning electron microscopy. Vierter Internationater Kongress Fur Elektronen-mikroskopie (Herausgegeben von G. Mollenstedt, H. Niehrs, and E. Ruska). Band I, p. 269-273. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (in English).nEverhart, T. E. O. C. Wells, and C. W. Oatley 1959. Factors affecting contrast and resolution in the scanning electron microscope. J. Electronics and Control, 7(2): 97-111.nFengel, D. 1967. Ultramicrotomy, its applications in wood research. Wood Science and Technology, 1(3): 191-204.nFindlay, G. W. D., and J. F. Levy. 1969. Scanning electron microscopy as an aid to the study of wood anatomy and decay. J. Inst. Wood Science, 4(5): 57-63.nForgacs, O. L. 1963. The characterization of mechanical pulps. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada (Convention Issue), 64(C): T89-T118.nFujiyasu, T., K. Hara, and H. Tamura. 1968. Hitachi scanning electron microscope. Proc., 26th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux, ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 374-375.nHall, C. E. 1966. Introduction to electron microscopy. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 397 p.nHay, W. W., and P. A. Sandberg. 1967. The scanning electron microscope, a major breakthrough for micropaleontology. Micropaleontology, 13(4): 407-418.nHayes, T. L., and R. F. W. Pease. 1968. The scanning electron microscope: principles and applications in biology and medicine. Advances in biological and medical physics. v. 12, p. 85-137. Academic Press, New York and London.nIlvessalo-Pfaffli, M., and J. Laamanen. 1969. Stereoscan-elektronimikroskooppiuusi laite pintatopografian tutkimiseen. Paperi Ja Puu-Papper O. Tra, 51(9): 649-661.nJensen, W. A., and R. B. Park. 1967. Cell ultrastructure. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., Belmont, California. 60 p.nKay, D. H. 1965. Techniques for electron microscopy. 2nd ed. F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia. 560 p.nKimoto, S. 1967. On a scanning electron microscope. Bulletin No. SM-67013. Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. 15 p.nKimoto, S. 1967. H. Hashimoto, and K. Mase. 1968. Voltage contrast in scanning electron microscopy. Proc., 26th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux, ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 366-367.nKnoll, M. 1935. Aufladepotential und sekund a remission elektronen bestrahlter korper. Zeitschrift fur Technische Physik, 16(11): 467-475.nLewis, E. R., T. E. Everhart, and Y. Y. Zeevi. 1969. Studying neural organization in aplysia with the scanning electron microscope. Science, 165(3898): 1140-1143.nLiese, W., and W. A. Côté, Jr. 1960. Electron microscopy of wood: results of the first ten years of research. Proc., 5th World Forestry Congress. v. 2, p. 1288-1298.nMacres, V. G., O. Preston, N. C. Yew, and R. Buchanan. 1968. A combined scanning electron microscope/electron microprobe analyzer. Proc., 26th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux, ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 368-369.nMcDonald, L. W., and T. L. Hayes. 1968. Scanning microscopy of human blood and marrow smears. Proc., 26th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux, ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 166-167.nMcMullan, D. 1952. Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge (England).nMcMullan, D. 1952. 1953. An improved scanning electron microscope for opaque specimens. Proc. Institution of Electrical Engineers. v. 100, Pt. 2, p. 245-256.nMerchant, M. V. 1957. A study of water-swollen cellulose fibers which have been liquid-exhanged and dried from hydrocarbons. Tappi, 40(9): 771-781.nMoellenstedt, G., and F. Lenz. 1963. Electron emission microscopy. Advances in electronics and electron physics. v. 18, p. 251-329. Academic Press, New York, London.nMulvey, T. 1967. The history of the electron microscope. Proc. Roy. Microscopical Soc. v. 2, Pt. 1, p. 207-227.nNixon, W. C. 1968. Proc., 1st IITRI Symposium on Scanning Electron Microscopy. Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, Chicago, p. 55.nNixon, W. C. 1969. Early scanning electron microscopy. Proc., 27th Ann. Meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America (C. J. Arceneaux, ed.). Claitors' Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, p. 2-3.nNorville, L. R. 1962. Electron microprobe analysis utilizing the electron beam scanning system. Electron microscopy. 5th Int. Congress for Electron Microscopy. v. 1 (S. S. Breese, Jr., ed.). Academic Press, New York, London, p. EE 14-EE 15.nOatley, C. W. 1966. The scanning electron microscope. Science Progress, 54(21): 483-495.nOatley, C. W. and T. E. Everhart. 1957. The examination of p-n junctions with the scanning electron microscope. J. Electronics, 2(6): 568-570.nOatley, C. W. W. C. Nixon, and R. F. W. Pease. 1965. Scanning electron microscopy. Advances in Electrons and Electron Physics. v. 21, p. 181-247. Academic Press, New York, London.nPease, R. F. W. 1968. Scanning electron microscopy. Laboratory Management, 6(9): 13-14, 32-38.nPease, R. F. W. and T. L. Hayes. 1966. Scanning electron microscopy of biological material. Nature, 210(5040): 1049.nPease, R. F. W., T. L. Hayes, A. S. Camp, and N. M. Amer. 1966. Electron microscopy of living insects. Science, 154(3753): 1185-1186.nPease, R. F. W. and W. C. Nixon. 1965. High resolution scanning electron microscopy. J. Scientific Instruments, 42(2): 81-85.nResch, A., and R. Blaschke. 1968. Uber die Anwendung des Rasterelektronenmikroscopes in der Holzanatomie. Planta, 78(1): 85-88.nResch, H., and D. G. Arganbright. 1968. Some basic aspects of the cellon process. Service Report No. 35.01.47, Progress Report No. 7. University of California, Forest Products Laboratory. 7 p.nSchlink, C. G. R. 1969. Pit structure in sap-wood and heartwood of white fir, Abies concolor, (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. Masters' Thesis. University of California, Berkeley. 54 p.nSikorski, J., J. A. Nott, J. S. Moss, and T. Buckley. 1967. A new preparation technique for the examination of polymers in the scanning electron microscope. Proc. Roy. Microscopical Soc. v. 2, Pt. 4, p. 431.nSmith, K. C. A. 1956. The scanning electron microscope and its field of application. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge (England).nSmith, K. C. A. 1959. Scanning electron microscopy in pulp and paper research. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, 60(12): T366-T371.nSmith, K. C. A. 1960. A versatile scanning electron microscope. Proc. European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy (A. L. Houwink and B. J. Spit, eds.). v. 1, p. 177-180. Delft.nSmith, K. C. A. and C. W. Oatley. 1955. The scanning electron microscope and its field of application. Brit. J. Appl. Physics, 6(11): 391-399.nSokoloff, A., T. L. Hayes, R. F. W. Pease, and M. Ackermann. 1967. Tribolium castaneum: morphology of "aureate" revealed by the scanning electron microscope. Science, 157(3787): 443-445.nSternglass, E. J. 1954. Backscattering of kilovolt electrons from solids. The Physical Review, 95(2): 345-358.nThomas, R. J. 1969. The ultrastructure of southern pine bordered pit membranes as revealed by specialized drying techniques. Wood and Fiber, 1(2): 110-123.nThomas, R. J. and S. D. Nicholas. 1966. Pit membrane structure in loblolly pine as influenced by solvent-exchange drying. Forest Prod. J., 16(3): 53-56.nThornley, R. F. M. 1960. Recent developments in scanning electron microscopy. Proc. European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy. (A. L. Houwink and B. J. Spit, eds.), v. 1, p. 173-176. Delft.nThornton, P. R. 1968. Scanning electron microscopy. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. 368 p.nWagenfuhr, R. 1969. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Struktur von Grenz-und Oberflachen in der Holztechnik. Holztechnologie, 10(1): 37-40.nWagenfuhr, R. 1969. and F. Zimmer. 1968. Die Holzoberflache unter dem Elektronenmikroskop. Holztechnologie, 9(3): 151-152.nWashburn, O. V., and J. G. Buchanan. 1964. Changes in web structure on pressing and drying. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, 65(9): T400-T408.nWells, O. C. 1957. The construction of a scanning electron microscope and its application to the study of fibers. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Cambridge (England).nWischnitzer, S. 1962. Introduction to electron microscopy. Pergamon Press, Inc., New York. 132 p.nZworykin, V. K., J. Hillier, and R. L. Snyder. 1942. A scanning electron microscope. American Society for Testing Materials, Bulletin No. 117, p. 15-23.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
