Study of Geographical Variation in Kiln-Drying Behavior of Plantation-Grown White Spruce
Keywords:
Kiln-drying, restraint, shrinkage, warp, plantationAbstract
White spruce (Picea glauca |Moench| Voss) is one of the most important tree species for reforestation in Canada. Over the past 30 years, hundreds of thousands of hectares were planted. Plantation-grown wood will become an important source of supply for the lumber industry in the near future. Plantation wood is generally known to have a greater proportion of juvenile wood than that from natural stands. For this reason, quality attributes of lumber from plantations might be considerably reduced, especially after kiln-drying. However, these quality attributes might be influenced by the origin of the seed sources used for the reforestation program. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic variation in the effect of kiln-drying under restraint on shrinkage and warp of dimension lumber processed from 26 provenances originating from the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Region. Two drying treatments were applied, i.e. conventional and high-temperature drying. Analyses of variance showed no significant differences among provenances for any type of shrinkage (longitudinal shrinkage, shrinkage in thickness, shrinkage in width) or warp (bow, crook, twist) measurements. For the effect of the drying treatment, it was significant only in the case of shrinkage in width.References
Beard, J. S., F. G. Wagner, F. W. Taylor, and R. D. Seale. 1993. The influence of growth characteristics on warp in two structural grades of southern pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 43:51-56.nBeaulieu, J., and A. Corriveau. 1985. Variabilité de la densité du bois et de la production des provenances d'épinette blanche, 20 ans aprés plantation. Can. J. For. Res. 15:833-838.nCech, M. Y., and D. R. Huffman. 1974. High-temperature drying of mixed spruce, jack pine, and balsam fir. Can. For. Serv. Publ. No. 1337. 15 pp.nCech, M. Y., and F. Pfaff. 1978. Dehumidification drying of spruce studs. Forest Prod. J. 28:22-26.nCorriveau. A., J. Beaulieu, and F. Mothe. 1987. Wood density of natural white spruce populations in Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 17:675-682.nCorriveau. A., J. Beaulieu, F. Mothe., J. Poliquin, and J. Doucet. 1990. Densité et largeur des cernes des populations d'Épinettes blanches de la région forestière des Grands Lacs et du Saint-Laurent. Can. J. For. Res. 20:121-129.nEinspahr, D. W., and M. K. Benson. 1967. Geographic variation of quaking aspen in Wisconsin and upper Michigan. Silvae Genet. 16:106-112.nFowler, D. P., and Y. S. Park. 1988. A provenance test of yellow birch in New Brunswick. Can. For. Serv., Inf. Rep. M-X-169. 14 pp.nGirard, B., Y. Fortin, P. Laforest, and J. Beaulieu. 2002. Study of the behavior of plantation-grown white spruce to conventional and high-temperature kiln-drying. Forest Prod. J. (submitted)nGoring, D. A. I. 1963. Thermal softening of lignin, hemi-cellulose, and cellulose. Pulp Paper Mag. Canada 64: T517-T527.nHaslett, A. N., B. Davy, M. Dakin, and R. Bates. 1999. Effect of pressure drying and pressure steaming on warp and stiffness of radiata pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 49:67-71.nHernández, R. E., C. Bustos, Y. Fortin, and J. Beaulieu. 2001. Wood machining properties of white spruce from plantation forests. Forest Prod. J. 51:82-88.nJozsa, L. A., and G. R. Middleton. 1994. A discussion of wood quality attributes and their practical implications. Forintek Canada Corp. Special Publ. No. SP-34. 42 pp.nKriebel, H. B. 1957. Patterns of geographic variation in sugar maple. Ohio Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 791. 56 pp.nLi, P., J. Beaulieu, and J. Bousquet. 1997. Genetic structure and patterns of genetic variation among populations in eastern white spruce (Picea glauca). Can. J. For. Res. 27:189-198.nLittell, R. C., G. A. Milliken, W. W. Stroup, and R. D. Wolfinger. 1996. SAS System for Mixed Models. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. 633 pp.nMcMillen, J. M. 1955. Drying stresses in red oak. Forest Prod. J. 5:71-76.nMergen, F. 1963. Ecotypic variation in Pinus strobus L. Ecology 44:716-727.nMilliken, G. A. and D. E. Johnson. 1984. The analysis of messy data. Volume 1. Designed experiments. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, New York, NY. 473 pp.nMilota, M. R. 1992. Effect of kiln schedule on warp in Douglas-fir lumber. Forest Prod. J. 42:57-60.nMorgenstern, E. K. 1978. Range-wide genetic variation of black spruce. Can. J. For. Res. 8:463-473.nMorgenstern, E. K. 1996. Geographic variation in forest trees: Genetic basis and application of knowledge in silviculture. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 209 pp.nNienstaedt, H. 1969. White spruce seed source variation and adaptation to 14 planting sites in northeastern United States and Canada. Proc. 11th Meeting Can. Committee For. Tree Breeding., Part 2. pp. 183-194.nNienstaedt, H., and A. Teich. 1972. The genetics of white spruce. USDA For. Serv., Res. Pap. WO-15. 24 pp.nPrice, E. W., and P. Koch. 1980. Kiln time and temperature affect shrinkage, warp, and mechanical properties of southern pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 30:41-47.nSAS Institute Inc. 1997. SAS/STAT® User's Guide, Version 6, 4th ed. Cary, NC.nTaylor, F. W., E. I. C. Wang, A. Yanchuk, and M. M. Micko. 1982. Specific gravity and tracheid length variation of white spruce in Alberta. Can. J. For. Res. 12:561-566.nWu, Q., and M. R. Milota. 1995. Rheological behavior of Douglas-fir perpendicular to the grain at elevated temperatures. Wood Fiber Sci. 27:285-295.nWu, Q., and W. R. Smith. 1998. Effects of elevated and high-temperature schedules on warp in southern yellow pine lumber. Forest Prod. J. 48:52-56.nYanchuk, A. D., B. P. Dancik, and M. M. Micko. 1984. Variation and heritability of wood density and fibre length of trembling aspen in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 33:11-16.nZobel, B., and J. Talbert. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley &Sons, New York, NY. 505 pp.nZobel, B., and J. R. Sprague. 1998. Juvenile wood in forest trees. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 300 pp.nZobel, B., and J. P. van Buijtenen. 1989. Wood variation: its causes and control. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 363 pp.nZobel, B., E. Thorbjornsen, and E. Henson. 1960. Geographic, site and individual tree variation in the wood properties of loblolly pine. Silvae Genet. 9:149-158.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
