Surface Characteristics of Chemically Modified Newsprint Fibers Determined by Inverse Gas Chromatography

Authors

  • Laurent M. Matuana
  • John J. Balatinecz
  • Chul B. Park
  • Raymond T. Woodhams

Keywords:

Acid-base properties, cellulosic fiber, inverse gas chromatography

Abstract

The surface characteristics of treated waste newsprint fibers were investigated using inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The surfaces of waste newsprint fibers were modified with γ-aminopropyltrie-thoxysilane, dichlorodiethylsilane (DCS), phthalic anhydride (PA), and maleated polypropylene. The effectiveness of these surface treatments was monitored by the IGC adsorption curves using n-alkanes and acid-base probes. The empirical acid (KA) and base (KD) characteristics (i.e., electron donor/ acceptor abilities) of untreated and treated newsprint fibers were determined using Schultz's method and were correlated with the surface chemical compositions determined from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the surface of untreated newsprint fibers had an acidic characteristic due to the electron acceptor character of the hydroxyl protons. The newsprint fibers reacted with phthalic anhydride or malcated polypropylene also exhibited an acidic surface behavior attributed to pendent carboxylic groups. Dichlorodiethylsilane produced a strong acidic surface attributed to the highly electronegative nature of the chlorine atoms of dichlorodiethylsilane. However, when the fibers were reacted with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, the basic characteristic (electron donor ability) of the fiber surface was increased, presumably by the presence of attached amino groups.

References

Chtourou, H., B. Riedl, and B. V. Kokta. 1995. Surface characterization of modified polyethylene pulp and wood-fibers using XPS and inverse gas chromatography. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 9(5):551-574.nDorris, G. M., and D. G. Gray. 1979. Adsorption, spreading pressure, and London force interactions of hydrocarbons on cellulose and wood fiber surfaces. J. Colloid Interface. Sci. 71(1):93-106.nDorris, G. M., and D. G. Gray. 1980. Adsorption of n-alkanes at zero coverage on cellulose paper and wood fibers. J. Colloid Interface. Sci. 77:353-362.nFelix, J. 1993. Enhancing interactions between cellulose fibers and synthetic polymers. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden.nFowkes, E. M. 1964. Attractive forces at interfaces. Ind. Eng. Chem. 56(12):40-52.nFowkes, E. M. 1984. Acid-base contributions to polymer-filler interactions. Rubber Chem. Technol. 57:328-343.nFowkes, E. M., and M. A. Mostafa. 1978. Acid-base interactions in polymer adsorption. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 17(1):3-7.nGardner, D. J. 1996. Applications of the Lifshitz-Van der Waals acid-base approach to determine wood surface tension components. Wood Fiber Sci. 28(4):422-428.nGarnier, G., and W. G. Glasser. 1996. Measuring the surface energies of spherical cellulose beads by inverse gas chromatography. Polym. Eng. Sci. 36(6):885-894.nGutmann, V. 1978. The donor-acceptor approach to molecular interactions. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 267 pp.nKakble, D. H. 1974. A relationship between the fracture mechanics and surface energetics failure criteria. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 18:1869-1889.nKamdkm, D. P., and B. Riedl. 1991a. Characterization of wood fibers modified by phenol-formaldehyde. Colloid Polym. Sci. 269(6):595-603.nKamdkm, D. P., and B. Riedl. 1991b. IGC characterization of PMMA grafted onto CTMP fiber. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 11(1):57-91.nKazayawoko, M. 1996. Surface modification and adhesion mechanisms in woodfiber-polypropylene composites. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.nKokta, B. V., D. Maldas, C. Daneault, and P. Béland. 1990. Composites of polyvinyl chloride-wood-fibers. III: Effects of silanes as coupling agent. J. Vinyl Technol. 12(3): 146-153.nKwok, D. Y., and A. W. Neumann. 1994. Fowkes' surface tension component approach revisited. Colloids Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 89:181-191.nLavielle, L., and J. Schultz. 1991. Surface properties of carbon fibers determined by inverse gas chromatography: Role of pretreatment. Langmuir 7(5):978-981.nMatuana, L. M., J. J. Balatinecz, and C. B. Park. 1998a. Effect of surface properties on the adhesion between PVC and wood veneer laminates. Polym. Eng. Sci. 38(5):765-773.nMatuana, L. M., J. J. Balatinecz, C. B. Park., and R. N. S. Sodhi. 1998b. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of silane-treated newsprint fibers. Wood Sci. Technol. (in press).nMatuana, L. M., R. N. S. Sodhi, and C. B. Park. 1998c. Surface characterization of esterified cellulosic fibers by XPS and FTIR spectroscopy. Wood Sci. Technol. (in press).nMukhopadhyay, P., and H. P. Schreiber. 1993. Inverse gas chromatography for polymer surface characterization above and below Tg. Macromolecules 26(24):6391-6396.nNguyen, T., and W. E. Johns. 1978. Polar and dispersion force contributions to the total surface free energy of wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 12:63-74.nPapirer, E. 1986. Characterization of fibers and fillers for composite materials using inverse gas chromatography. Pages 203-214 in H. Ishida and J. L. Koenig, eds. Composite interfaces. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY.nQuillin, D. T., D. E. Caulfield, and J. A. Koutski. 1992. Surface energy compatibility of cellulose and polypropylene. Pages 113-126 in R. M. Rowell, T. L. Laufenberg, and J. K. Rowell, eds. Materials interactions relevant to recycling of wood-based materials. Proc. Materials Research Society Symposium, San Francisco, CA.nSaint-Flour, C., and E. Papirer. 1982a. Gas-solid chromatography: A method of measuring surface free energy characteristics of short glass fibers. 1. Through adsorption isotherms. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 21(2):337-341.nSaint-Flour, C., and E. Papirer. 1982b. Gas-solid chromatography: A method of measuring surface free energy characteristics of short glass fibers. 2. Through retention volumes measured near zero surface coverage. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 21(4):666-669.nSaint-Flour, C., and E. Papirer. 1983. Gas-solid chromatography: A quick method of estimating surface free energy variations induced by the treatment of short glass fibers. J. Colloid Interface. Sci. 91(1):69-75.nSchreiber, H. P. 1993. Aspects of component interactions in m polymer systems. Pages 21-59 in G. Akovali, ed. The interfacial interactions in polymeric composites. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.nSchultz, J., and L. Lavielle. 1989. Interfacial properties of carbon fiber-epoxy matrix composites. Pages 185-202 in D. R. Lloyd, H. P. Schreiber, and T. Ward, eds. Inverse gas chromatography: Characterization of polymers and other materials. ACS Symposium Series No. 391, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.nSimonsen, J., Z. Hong, and T. G. Rials. 1997. The properties of the wood-polystyrene interphase determined by inverse gas chromatography. Wood Fiber Sci. 29(1):75-84.nSpelt, J. K., D. R. Absolom, and A. W. Neumann. 1984. Solid surface tension: The interpretation of contact angles by the equation of state approach and the theory of surface tension components. Langmuir 2(5):620-625.nWoodhams, R. T., G. Thomas, and D. K. Rodgers. 1984. Wood fibers as reinforcing fillers for polyolefins. Polym. Eng. Sci. 24:1166-1171.n

Downloads

Published

2007-06-25

Issue

Section

Research Contributions