Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (Drift) and Color Changes of Artificial Weathered Wood
Keywords:
DRIFT, wood weathering rate, color change, lightness modification, semi-quantificationAbstract
Short-term (22.7 h) accelerated weathering was performed on black cherry (Prunus serotina), soft maple (Acer saccharinum), and red oak (Quercus rubra) using a 2-h ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation and 0.3-h water spray regime. Contributions to the wood surface color change from changes in lightness, chroma, and hue were observed, and variations existed among wood species. Chemical modifications on wood surfaces were monitored semi-quantitatively by using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). Band intensities at 1170 cm-1, 1510 cm-1, and 1740 cm-1 were used to follow the photodegradation on the wood surface during the 22.7-h accelerated weathering. Linear correlation was observed between the ratio of band intensity at 1740 cm-1 relative to the band intensity at 1170 cm-1, and the color change or the lightness modification. Results from this study clearly indicated that the rates of weathering/photodegradation of wood are influenced by wood species. Soft maple and red oak exhibit similar weathering rate (0.048) and higher than that of black cherry (0.031).References
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2000. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Standard practice for operating fluorescent light apparatus for UV exposure of nonmetallic materials (G154-98); Standard test method for calculation of color differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates (D2244-93). ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.nAnderson E. L., Z. Pawlak, N. L. Owen, and W. C. Feist. 1991a. Infrared studies of wood weathering. Part I: Softwoods. Appl. Spectrosc.45(4):641-647.nAnderson E. L., Z. Pawlak, N. L. Owen, and W. C. Feist. 1991b. Infrared studies of wood weathering. Part II: Hardwoods. Appl. Spectrosc.45(4):648-652.nDawson, B., and K. Torr. 1992. Spectroscopic and colour studies on acetylated radiata pine exposed to UV and visible light. Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosics7-8:41-51.nDerbyshire, H., and E. R. Miller. 1981. The photodegradation of wood during solar irradiation. Holz Roh-Werkst.39:341-350.nDyer, J. R. 1965. Applications of absorption spectroscopy of organic compounds. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 146 pp.nEvans, P. D., and W. B. Banks. 1986. Physico-chemical factors affecting the degradation of wood surface by Diplodia natalensis. Mater. Organ. 21(3):203-212.nFeist, W. C., and E. A. Mraz. 1978. Comparison of outdoor and accelerated weathering of unprotected softwoods. Forest Prod. J.28(3):38-43.nFengel, D., and G. Wegener. 1984. Wood chemistry, Ultrastructure reactions. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin, New York. 613 pp.nGrelier, S., A. Castellan, and D. P. Kamdem. 2000. Photoprotection of copper-amine-treated pine. Wood Fiber Sci.32(2):196-202.nHikita, Y., T. Toyoda, and M. Azuma. 2001. Weathering testing of timber—Discoloration. Pages 27-32 in Y. Imamura, ed. High-performance utilization of wood for outdoor uses. Press-Net. Kyoto, Japan.nHon, D.N.-S. 1976. Formation of free radicals in photoirradiated cellulose. VIII. Mechanisms. J. Polym. Sci.: Polymer Chemistry Edition.14:2497-2512.nHon, D.N.-S. 1991. Photochemistry of wood. Pages 525-555 in D.N.-S. Hon and N. Shiraishi, eds. Wood and cellulosic chemistry. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel.nHon, D.N.-S., and S. T. Chang. 1984. Surface degradation of wood by ultraviolet light. J. Polym. Sci.: Polymer Chemistry Edition.22:2227-2241.nHon, D.N.-S., and W. C. Feist. 1986. Weathering characteristics of hardwood surfaces. Wood Sci. Technol.20:169-183.nHon, D.N.-S., S. T. Chang, and W. C. Feist. 1985. Protection of wood surfaces against photooxidation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1429-1448.nJin L., K. Archer, and A. Preston. 1991. Surface characteristics of wood treated with various AACs, ACQ, and CCA formulations after weathering. International Research Group on Wood Preservation Document No. IRG/WP/2369. 10 pp.nKalnins, M. A., and C. W. Feist. 1991. Increase in the wettability of wood with weathering. Forest Prod. J.43(2):55-57.nKamdem, D. P., and S. Grelier. 1991. Surface roughness and color change of copper amine and UV absorbertreated red maple (Acer rubrum) exposed to artificial ultraviolet. Holzforschung560:473-478.nLeary, G. J. 1968. Photochemical production of quinoid structures in wood. Nature217:672-673.nLiu, R., J. N. R. Ruddick, and L. Jin. 1994. The influence of copper (II) chemicals on the weathering of treated wood. Part I. ACQ treatment of wood on its weathering. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation Document No. IRG/WP/30040. 9 pp.nMorohoshi, N. 1991. Chemical characterization of wood and its components. Pages 331-392 in D.N.-S. Hon and N. Shiraishi, eds. Wood and cellulosic chemistry. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel.nNassau, K. 1983. The physics and chemistry of color: The fifteen causes of color. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 454 pp.nNémeth, K., and O. Faix. 1990. Application of the spectrometric properties of lignin for tracing photodegradation of wood. 1st European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp. Bergedorf, Germany. 10 pp.nNzokou, P., and D. P. Kamdem. 2002. Weathering of two hardwood species: African Padauk (Pterocarpus oyauxii) and red maple (Acer rubrum). J. Trop. For. Prod.8(2):200-209.nOwen, J. A., N. L. Owen, and W. C. Feist. 1993. Scanning electron microscope and infrared studies of weathering in southern pine. J. Mol. Struct.300:105-114.nSakakibara, A. 1991. Chemistry of lignin. Pages 113-175 in D.N.-S. Hon and N. Shiraishi, eds. Wood and cellulosic chemistry. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel.nSell, J., and W. C. Feist. 1986. Role of density in the erosion of wood during weathering. Forest Prod. J.36(3):57-60.nSmith, B. C. 1996. Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, London, Tokyo. 202 pp.nSudiyani, Y., S. Tsujiyama, Y. Imamura, M. Takahashi, K. Minato, and H. Kajita. 1999. Chemical characteristics of surfaces of hardwood and softwood deteriorated by weathering. J. Wood Sci.45:348-353.nWilliams, R. S., and W. C. Feist. 1994. Effect of preweathering surface roughness and wood species on the performance of paint and stains. J. Coat. Technol.66(828):109-121.nWilliams, R. S., M. T. Knaebe, P. G. Sotos, and W. C. Feist. 2001. Erosion rates of wood during natural weathering. Part I. Effects of grain angle and surface texture. Wood Fiber Sci.33(1):109-121.nZhang, J., and D. P. Kamdem. 2000. FTIR charatization of copper ethanolamine—wood interaction for wood preservation. Holzforschung54:119-122.n
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of an article published in Wood and Fiber Science is transferred to the Society of Wood Science and Technology (for U. S. Government employees: to the extent transferable), effective if and when the article is accepted for publication. This transfer grants the Society of Wood Science and Technology permission to republish all or any part of the article in any form, e.g., reprints for sale, microfiche, proceedings, etc. However, the authors reserve the following as set forth in the Copyright Law:
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright, such as patent rights.
2. The right to grant or refuse permission to third parties to republish all or part of the article or translations thereof. In the case of whole articles, such third parties must obtain Society of Wood Science and Technology written permission as well. However, the Society may grant rights with respect to Journal issues as a whole.
3. The right to use all or part of this article in future works of their own, such as lectures, press releases, reviews, text books, or reprint books.
